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Of Cats and Dogs

Just like in modern Turkey, the Ottomans loved and cared for stray dogs and cats. Baron Wenceslas Wratislaw, An Austrian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in 1591 relates this about the animals in Istanbul:

In Constantinople there are also large gardens, surrounded with walls, on which cats usually jump and assemble, waiting at certain hours for people to come and give them alms. For it is customary among the Turks to boil and bake paunches, lights, livers, and pieces of meat, and carry them in wooden buckets up and down the city, crying out, "Kedy et, kedy et!" i.e. "Cat's meat!" A kitchen-boy also carries on his shoulders a number of spits, upon which are baked pieces of meat, liver, and spleen, and cries in the streets, "Tiupek et, tiupek et!" i e. " Dog's meat!" till they ring again. Behind him run three-score dogs or more, looking to him to be served. The Turks buy this food, distribute it to the dogs, and throw it to the cats upon the wall; for these superstitious and barbarous people imagine that they obtain special favour in the eyes of God by giving alms even to irrational cattle, cats, dogs, fish, birds, and other live creatures; and, therefore, they consider it a great sin to kill and destroy captured birds, and prefer to ransom them with money, and release them into their previous state of freedom, that they may fly away. They also throw bread to fishes in the water for them to live upon ... So, too, we several times saw Turkish matrons and old women buying pieces of meat on the spot from the kitchen-boys, or from the public kitchens, which are not far from this place, and handing them on a long stick or wand to the cats as they sit on the walls, muttering meanwhile a kind of Turkish prayers. Pieces of raw meat are also carried about the city on spits, which the Turks buy and throw up to the kites, which fly about in crowds, and catch them in their claws ... A countless number of these kites fly over the city, and the Turks allow no one to shoot or injure them

As you can see, the Ottomans generally viewed animals positively and the authorities too facilitate this. Killing cats and dogs were deemed illegal and any person found guilty of violence against a dog or of killing the animal (or a cat) was strongly punished. There were even waqfs (religious endowments) to protect and support for canine welfare in Istanbul. In Cairo, various institutions also existed to serve, protect, and maintain the city’s canine population. Feeding bins and watering troughs were placed throughout the city to provide sustenance for these animals. Dogs were also regularly fed in mosques, many of which maintained large stone water basins at their entrances for dogs, mules, and other animals. Even during a plague, special attention was devoted to dogs and cats to ensure their safety.

Now what makes the people of the Ottoman Empire to act that way, especially to dogs? It should first be keep in mind that while present-day human-dog interactions are principally mediated through companionate relationships of affection, love, comfort, and emotion, in the early modern period the human-dog relationship was based primarily on loyalty, security, aid, protection, productivity, the prestige derived from hunting, and the utility of the canine consumption of waste. Indeed, in the Ottoman Empire dogs were not only praised for possessing admirable and desirable human traits (like loyalty and willingness to sacrifice, something that pops up a lot in literature at the time) but also for their productivity and uses in urban and rural life. They herded livestock, were commonly involved in hunts, provided their masters with companionship and protection, exemplified ideals of loyalty and trustworthiness, fought in wars, and were living consumers of urban and rural waste. Butchers, fishmongers, and various kinds of shop owners put dogs to good use as cleaning agents, guards, and helpers of various sorts. Dogs also kept unwanted vermin like rats, hares, and wild pigs out of the city. Therefore, the Ottomans generally viewed dogs in a positive light and frequently portrayed them as so in their literature, just like earlier Muslims were. Of course, this wouldn't last forever, as with the coming of 19th century European thoughts viewed the stray dogs of Istanbul and Cairo as vermin and pests, and attempts were made to eradicate them. Istanbul's dogs was spared from huge exterminations, while Egyptian dogs aren't so lucky

Sources:

The Adventures of Baron Wenceslas Wratislaw

The Animal in Ottoman Egypt by Alan Mikhail

Street Dogs of Istanbul: The Four-Legged Municipality by Ekrem Isin

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