Mayan and Aztec agriculture, varied as it was, had three major staples that were maize, beans and squash - the 'Three Sisters' of mesoamerican agriculture. Bean stalks would climb around maize, maximizing per-acre productivity, while squash does prevent soil erosion, and fixating nitrogen, which maize takes away. Studies have shown that corn and squash are relatively good at preventing soil runoff from rains - in tropical areas, this was fundamental for sustainable agriculture. Squash wide leaves also make weeding less of a chore - the maize cobs grow out of reach of the weeds, that 'struggle' with the squash leaves, and protects newly fertilized land from the sun, allowing it to keep moisture and last longer.

However, soil erosion and lack of farming output was, again probably one of the most likely causes that Maya culture declined. The Maya culture inhabited areas that were mostly tropical rain forest, and quite infertile. Slash-and-burn techniques were used to expand farmlands and highland plots were relatively thin, requiring from five to fifteen years to replenish themselves. Evidence has shown that they most likely used human feces as fertilizer, canals, dams and irrigation that eventually may have led to ecological collapse - one of the causes of the Maya decline.

The terrace system of farming was quite widespread. To use the hilly land for farming, the Aztecs terraced the hills by cutting into them. They then built a restraining wall to form a step in the hillside so that the land on the step can be used for crops.

Another interesting development of Aztec agriculture were the chinampas, essentially artificial islands packed with soil, used to grow vegetables and flowers, thus efficiently employing water covered land. Tenochtitlan was a "floating city" in many aspects. Even today, the neighborhood of Xochimilco in Mexico retains that canal city look - you can take beautiful boat trips down the same canals that were once used for agriculture.

Fish and frog was also caught from the chinampas, adding protein to the relatively scarce husbandry in mesoamerica.

One interesting difference between Aztec and Maya agriculture was the widespread planting of maguey (agave) by the former. Agave and maize caloric output is more than double than just maize, which allowed home gardens (calmilli) to be more self sufficient, and to employ the terrace system more efficiently. Agave also produced fibers that were employed in textile production. They would plant maize in the center of the terraces, and agave in the embankments, with squash and beans as usual. This probably helped reduce runoff as well. While we'll never know what would have happened to the Aztec lands without European intervention, more diversified agricultural practices may have provided the Aztecs with an edge the Mayans didn't have.

This model(s) was so efficient, that Tenochtitlan, at its height, supported a population of between 150.000 and 300.000 according to most estimates.

I'm not sure if this is what you were aiming for with your question, but I hope I have provided some interesting data, at least. Let me know if I can expand or clarify on anything!

Edit: expanded a bit, corrected some minor errors, reorganized a bit more. Added some information on methods which I was missing.

Edit 2: Thanks to u/hesh582 for the correction!