Kommunalki or communal apartments are what I was looking for. Thanks to everyone who answered!

The apartments that was shown (or rather, recreated on the movie set) were not designed to look so. These were usually large, pre-Revolution apartment in the townhouses, usually comprising of several bedrooms, a living room, separate kitchen and a bathroom or two. hey were usually meant for larger families or simply for more affluent tenants or flat owners. After the Revolution, they were seized by the state and used as the makeshift apartments for the people who often relocated from neigbouring villages in the wake of urbanisation and development of industry and had to find some living space. Such apartments were often divided so that each room was a separate apartment to which tenants were allocated and thus all the people living in such an apartment had to share a kitchen and a bathroom. So, if the rooms were set in an enfilade, or someone was living in a living room (what was usually an issue), then yes, people who wanted to go out or go to kitchen or toiled, had to move through someone else's room to get there.

The situation of the tenants was somewhat alleviated in the 50's and 60's, with the advent of the concrete slab apartment towers that provided affordable if somewhat simplistic living space for common people, but in some townhouses, especially those that are still owned by the state, such apartments still exist. Some are used as communal apartments (what now means a flat given as a benefit to dispossessed and is often meant to be only temporary lodgings) but some retain their characteristics from the Soviet era and are used as cheap, low-rate, but otherwise normal living apartments.