No.

Magellan's misadventure in the Philippines began with his arrival in Cebu (or the port of Sugbu), which at the time was ruled by the Rajah Humabon. Humabon was very welcoming at first-- offering the starving scurvy ridden Spanish supplies, food, and feasting. The Spanish for their part were absolutely relieved at the welcome they received. Magellan was also quite keen to have finally arrived in Asia and be able to make use of his crewman Enrique (who possibly came from the Philippines considering his fluency in visayan-- though he did also speak Malay languages, he was definitely from somewhere in the region.) Through Enrique, Magellan exhorted all who were present at the feasted to convert to Christianity-- and according to the Spanish-- he was successful and Humabon along with 800 other attendants all converted, erecting a giant cross to celebrate the miracle.

Humabon did ask for a favor though-- especially if he was tying himself to Magellan and his new religion-- would the Spanish not help him defeat a rival-- Rajah Lapu Lapu of Mactan. The Spanish did not feel as though they could refuse and so Magellan assembled some men and Humabon, impressed by Magellan's bravery, signed off on his plan to storm the beach at Mactan and assault Lapu Lapu.

Unfortunately for Magellan his soldiers were ill prepared for fighting on the shore. Magellan was a bit overconfident in the abilities of his men and himself. He asked that Humabon and his warriors not interfere so that he could see just how effective the Spanish were as warriors. Magellan took 49 men with him to the beach agains 1500 warriors assembled at Mactan. The Spanish had trouble getting in range with their crossbows and firearms as the tide was low they had trouble getting to shore and then trouble getting off their boats as they were weighed down with armor as they splashed into the shallows. Magellan ordered the retreat after it became clear his men were being peppered with arrows and unable to fight back. Most of the men quickly got back in the boats, but Magellan and a dozen or so men stayed behind to cover the retreat where they were speared and/or hacked to death.

When Magellan's men attempted to parlay and request his body back, they were denied and told that it was too great a prize to surrender after such a battle. Shortly after the battle, Enrique invited the officers of the fleet to a feast to mourn the loss of Magellan, where most of them were killed. Historians differ whether this was Enrique's doing-- revenge for having been a Spanish slave and suffering abuse under Magellan, or if he did it so that he could stay and not be forced to travel back to Spain, or if he had anything to do with the killings. Either way, the Rajah Humabon had decided that the Spanish were not the powerful allies they had claimed to be and not worth keeping around any longer.

So did the Rajah Lapu Lapu and his men dine on Magellan? It seems unlikely; though if it did happen, it was likely a symbolic cannibalism rather than an actual meal. As to why your history teachers would say he was eaten by cannibals? That's impossible to say; probably they had teachers who told that story or they could have extrapolated from the accounts of other explorers-- maybe men such as Mendaña or Quiros who both claimed after their failed invasions of Pacific Islands (Solomon Islands & Vanuatu) that the islands were full of cannibals. There is no way for us to say.

As to Cannibalism and Magellan though, we do know that Magellan and his men practiced cannibalism at least once. Not too long before his arrival in Cebu, Magellan and his men stopped by Umatac on the island of Guahan (Guam). The Chamorro there came out to meet Magellan in their proa (outrigger ships). As is customary on many Pacific islands, if you cross into someone's reef or their waters, you make offerings of peace, food, and goods and in return you can come ashore and receive offerings of food. Magellan and his men understood none of this and when the Chamorro took goods from the Spanish ships the Spanish reacted with violence driving the Chamorro away. The next morning, Magellan took an armed party ashore under the protection of the ship Trinidad's cannon they devastated the village of Umatac-- burning the proa, killing anyone they could find, taking all the food they could, and leaving the village a smoldering ruin. Though most of the Chamorro had retreated from the village at the sight of the Spanish, the few who were killed were disemboweled, their intestines carried back to the Spanish ships in buckets to be eaten by those stricken with scurvy. As the Spanish sailed away the next day, proa from elsewhere on the south end of Guahan raced after them, being much faster and maneuverable than the Spanish ships, pelting them with stones as if to drive away unwanted spirits or malevolent intruders.

If you want to read a bit more about different aspects of Magellan's demise, each with a slightly different point of view, but generally following my description (the last two really just deals with Guahan). Also note that the Spate is freely available from ANU's online press:

• Matsuda, Matt. Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

• Spate, Oskar. The Spanish Lake; The Pacific since Magellan Vol. I. Canberra, AUS: Australia National University Press, 1979 (2004).

• Hezel, Francis X., S. J. "From Conversion to Conquest: The Early Spanish Mission in the Marianas.” Journal for Pacific History 17(1982): 32-47.

• Hezel, Francis X. First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands, 1521-1885. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.