It’s important to note that there is no definitive beginning to literature in the Islamic world: while the Qur’an and Quranic themes do define many elements of that tradition, much of what the wider Islamic world produced culturally, scientifically and theologically in the medieval period was inherited from thousands of years of civilization in the Middle East and the Mediterranean, particularly that of the Iranian and Greco-Roman traditions, as well as other Abrahamic peoples that thrived amongst the various caliphates and sultanates in the region (particularly Jews and Syriac Christians). Even the Quran itself claims to be the culmination of a long lineage of Judeo-Christian narratives, including, as you mentioned, the Torah.

If I had to name a few books, I’ll start with one very important work of literature that has shaped Iranian culture and the cultural identity of greater Iran (the Caucasus, Central Asia, northern India and Iran itself). It’s called the Shahnameh (“Book of Kings” in Persian), an epic poem written by Ferdowsi in the 11th century CE. It’s so important that it has almost single-handedly preserved the entire content of the medieval Persian language, making it so that modern Persian is basically identical to the Persian of Ferdowsi’s time. As far as literary content, it’s similar to Ovid’s Metamorpheses, in that it presents a mytho-historical story of Iran, starting with Creation and ending with the fall of the Sassanid Empire (during the Arab conquest of Iran), with a particular focus on the Sassanid era as a “Golden Age” of heroes and great kings in Iran’s history. The themes and imagery from the Shahnameh are also important to Islamicate art history, since much of Timurid (particularly in the Mughal Empire of India) and Safavid art features settings and subjects from the epic. There are a few very popular stories from it, like that of Rostam and Sohrab, that you might want to look into.

There are actually a lot of similar mythological romances in the greater Iranian world, such as the Iskandernameh (Book of Alexander the Great) which was widely read by Ottoman emperors, and the Baburnameh, a richly written autobiography of the first Mughal emperor Babur, that records his conquest of India, his longing for his homeland in Central Asia and even some homosexual themes.

A set of more religious/philosophical works from Islamic literature are those of Islamic theologian/Sufi Rumi (actually one of the most widely read poets in the USA) — particular his “Mathnawi-i ma’nawi” and “Diwan-i Shams-I-Tabriz”, while another similar Sufi figure is Hafez e-Shirazi, who wrote series of short, beautiful ghazals (poems) that’ve been compiled into anthologies by modern authors. Although he wasn’t Muslim (he was agnostic or atheist), another great work is that of Omar Khayyam, a 13th century Iranian mathematician who wrote the Rubaiyat, a collection of poems that gained lots of fame in the Anglophone and French world in the 19th century.

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