How did sedentary civilizations successfully subdue nomadic invaders? It seems like such cases are few and far between, and often took years(based on what I’ve read, so i may be incorrect to assume this) Did they employ the same tactics to different invaders?
Edit: I forgot to say that I was wondering about the Middle Ages and before.
It's a bit outside the period you are looking at, but you might be interested in this answer I wrote talking about the 19th century Russian conquest of steppe nomads.
Are there any examples in particular you’re thinking of?
Sedentary/nomadic is contextual. For instance, Italy and Spain have been “sedentary” for centuries despite invading and colonizing a’plenty.
The Crow and Cheyenne, IIRC, are thought of as “nomadic” despite never colonizing farther than chunks of midwestern/western US...
nomadic basically means hunter/gatherer and sedentary is agriculture-centered “permanent” homestead. I hope this rambling has been useful