This depends on what do you mean by 'gulags'. If you mean a secluded labour camps, then no, this was chiefly Russian development, predating the Soviet times and hailing from the Imperial Russia and its system of penal settlements for troublemakers or penal colonies (essentially forced labour camps*) for criminals. This stands to reason, as even the largest communist satellite countries (Poland and Yugoslavia) were coming nowhere near the area of Soviet Union. But you want to know whether people were being imprisoned for political reasons, then yes, each country of the Warsaw Pact had such laws and local facilities for prisoners. It is also worth mentioning that the Russian penal camp system was not created with political prisoners in mind and was simply meant for all criminals (initially only for those sentenced to at least three years of jail). After Soviets and specifically Stalin seized power, anti-communist dissent and similar actions were included in the penal code, what allowed authorities to imprison 'political prisoners' along with normal criminals to the extent when the former created the majority in some penal colonies. On the other hand, the decree of the Ministerial Council of the USSR from 25 February 1948 mandated the creation of the special high-security camps for 'spies, saboteurs, terrorists, trotskyists, right-wingers, mensheviks, esers, anarchists, nationalists, white emmigrants and members of other anti-soviet groups and organisations', practically meaning all opponents of communist regime.

In most satellite countries, political prisoners were not imprisoned in specifically designated camps or other facilities, but were usually imprisoned in common correctional facilities, along with the other prisoners there (depending on the country and particular prisons, they could have been kept with other inmates, or separated from them). Although the satellite states were politically dependent on USSR they enjoyed generally high level of independence when it came to administration or internal policy. Thus they had their own penal and legal codes, so 'political crimes' were considered 'crimes against the state' and were punished in the country they were perpetrated in. There was neither reason nor legal basis for extradition of the prisoners to the USSR, unless of course, they were wanted there for some specific reason.

*The name 'gulag', popular in English in incorrect, as the facilities were simply knowns as 'camp' (rus. лагер), and the term 'gulag' is the official abbreviation of the government agency supervising the camp network with the structure of NKVD (Glavnoye Upravlenye Lagerov, General Camp Authority). The term became popularised by Solzhenitsyn's book 'GULag Archipelago'.