Elaborating on my question, I understand that Charlemagne’s foreign policy was very diverse, encompassing engagements with the Avars, Umayyad Muslims, and Lombardy. What I find interesting, however, is how Charlemagne had a positive relationship with many of the Muslim lords out in the Middle East while ruling. This is in contrast with many of the European lords in the 1000’s who all had some hatred toward them for holding the Holy Land. Besides Pope Urban’s call for a holy war, how did Europeans go from converting people of Europe to instigating a wider-reaching plan of conversion encompassing the Middle East and Europe, changing the focus from European Paganism to Islam?