Were the Pre-Colombian Americas starting a bronze age or not?

by Nevada_Lawyer

The information in both the Spanish and English Wikipedias is pretty inconsistent. I originally learned the Americas had stone age society. Then it seemed they may have been in the dawn of a Chalcolithic age without knowledge of smelting ores or casting but with cold smithing. Then I found out there were actual bronze axes and other tools already existing but still rare, and one Wikipedia article claiming there was a trading guild with connections between the Purepecha in West Mexico and Ecuador. It's hard to find sources online and Youtube without exaggerations and "Ancient Aliens" in the Andes type conspiracy theories.

Are the bronze axes on both continents legitimate, and is there any truth to the claim that the axes in Mexico prove a maritime connection to Peru? Can we estimate how close to a true bronze age civilization and inter-american exchange of animals and crops we were? Or is all this Ameri-Indian metallurgy just Ancient Aliens type pseudohistory trying to cast (pun intended) copper instruments as bronze?

Antiquarianism

It's true that the wikipedia page "Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America" isn't very well put together, but what you've gotten is correct (as far as I can tell). In North America, people were cold smithing copper, whereas in Meso-America people were forging bronze due to naval contact with the Ecuador area; a practice that was developed in Andean South America and had been flourishing at contact. I've wrote about the history of bronze in the Americas and the Near East here and you'll probably enjoy the sources. Here's a few lectures on trade which include some more info on the Ecuador to West Mexico connection, a lecture by Randall McGuire here and two lectures by Arthur Vokes here and here, and a paper by Monette Bebow-Reinhard here. And you're right finding sources is difficult! Which source mentions trading guilds?

As far as I know, professional merchants reaching the Purepecha didn't trigger a mass floral and faunal exchange, and bronze working was mainly for ritual objects not axes. Though, Meso-Americans did make some weapons...the Spanish version of that wikipedia page cites Codex Mendoza page 68 as saying (through google translate):

The Aztecs at the beginning did not use metals in a massive way, even when they acquired objects from other civilizations, however during their military expansion, the metallurgical technology present in the different dominated zones began to disperse in the empire. By the time of the Spanish conquest, it is believed that the use of bronze alloys was so common that part of the daily life of the citizens of Tenochtitlan it was customary to give away bronze axes as a sign of social status and to win favors within of the hierarchical structure of government Mexica

But that's as much as I know as well about your question of whether any society in the Americas was reaching a "true bronze age civilization" (which I'm assuming that you mean a hierarchical society that fields armies metal-wielding soldiers). Maybe u/400-Rabbits can help us in this question - how close were the Aztecs or the Incas to fielding metal-wielding armies?

Regarding militaristic metal use among the Incas, u/Qhapaqocha has an interesting quote here

Another interesting note here: technically, the Inca did make metal weapons for their troops...post-Contact. Iron arrowheads were constructed that could pierce Spanish steel plate armor - though employed in limited quantities it was effective when used. Also, there was a concerted refocusing of using bolas, or balls tied to rope, thrown to trip up Spanish cavalry, as well as the use of pikes to mitigate charges by conquistadors. This also pokes a hole in the idea that South American warriors held "static" views of military strategy and technology.