wow, this is a pretty broad piece of clothing history! going over several centuries!

from roughly 1350-1850

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Because it's already a pretty broad question, I'm going to just focus on men's clothing for the moment, especially because all the pieces of clothing you mentioned (except for petticoats) are men's clothes. Just keep in mind that women's clothing is undergoing similar changes at the same time and isn't staying static.

Things are also going to be pretty simplified and flattened and a lot of detail left out of course, but a quick summary.

Up until around the 1400's the main medieval outfit for men is some version of a tunic or robe and hose/stockings. there could be a lot of variation n details, fabrics used, how things fit, but the basic overall pattern was pretty similar, a long "shirt" or layers of such, worn over hose and belted at the waist to get extra "fit".

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a lot of the way these garments worked came from a certain kind of practicality. fabric was made by hand, so clothes were based more or less on rectangles with some minor tailoring to use the fabric off the loom most efficiently with a minimum of waste. every yard of fabric was precious.

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Around 1400 o more likely as late as 1450 depending on your location, the doublet really starts to arrive on the scene. The doublet was originally a military garment. It was worn under plate armor. it was usually quilted or padded for extra protection and comfort, had places to attach various pieces of armor, and was more tightly fitted to the individual person;'s body to keep it from "catching" and give better freedom of movement.

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Doublets did exist before 1400, but they were sort of a specialized piece of wear most people wouldn't have. However with the hundred years war between england and france, and the rise of the welsh longbow and crossbow, there were a lot more people on battlefields, and therefore with a good reason to be wearing at least one piece of plate armor. (an aside, the idea of different types of soldiers preferring cloth/leather/metal armor is mostly an invention of d&d. metal armor wasn't actually that ornerous to wear, and in general people who had reason to be anywhere near a battlefield wanted as much as possible. because it was good protection. of course, if you didn't need to be on a battlefield you'd have a lot of reason to pass because it was expensive. a new flute or harp, an illustrated book of days, a cow or a few chickens for egg tarts, some cardamom, so many ways you could spend that money. but in general soldiers used as much as they could afford, including archers. and even if you're wearing only one or two pieces of plate armor, you's still probably want a doublet on underneath).

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In any case, there were other social changes happening at the time that made fashion more fluid (including the black death, lower classes petitioning the upper for changes in their rights, etc.) with more doublets floating around, they also began to be used off the battlefield because they revealed and accentuated more of the human figure, which they did appreciate. Doublets often revealed the upper legs and groin, so you began to even see codpieces that were brightly colored or stuffed to show off the wearer's "assets". Central, eastern, and southern europe had their own things going on that had some similarities but were not identical.

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Up until almost 1700, variations on the doublet were the basis for men's wear. there could be a lot of variation, especially now that it was not forced to be dealing with the practicalities of military use, and so there were lots of "fashions" in doublets. for some visuals, Shakespeare, and anything to do with Elizabeth I is happening during this period.

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Around 1660 or 1670, doublets had already started to get smaller and less padded, and then fashions shifted again, from a shirt covered by a doublet to a shirt covered by a waistcoat and a variety of longer greatcoats which could be modified based on the climate for the desired amount of protection outdoors. This is the start of the men's clothes that are more familiar to us. the details once again varied back and forth. But there were several periods during which they lost a lot in terms of color and decoration and became less "showy" and fitted the body less closely. Some of these were linked to changes in how gender was seen and how genders related to eachother. In particular, one of the most striking changes happened around 1850. The industrial era in particular changed how women and men were seen as relating to one another, because it separated "home" and "work" and society had o then decide how that related to men and women and their tasks. In some places this led to "separate spheres" and "the angel of the house". previously, men and women were generally seen as different, didn't wear the same clothes, but it was also accepted that they could have similar goals in fashion. colors and decoration could be a appropriate way of expressing themselves for men and women. in eras where slim corsetry was emphasized, fashionable men often wore smaller, less extreme versions of corsets themselves. when men's shoulders were emphasized, so were women's. Also before the second half of the 1800's scents were not generally split into men's and women's. there wasn;'t a large difference between perfume and cologne.

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After this shift, masculinity and femininty were seen as more different. colors couldn't really be identical in men's and women's clothing and still be "appropriate" so inkeeping with new ideas of masculinity the standard waistcoat, coat, shirt, cravat, pants outfit became more drab and one-colored. it also became less fitted. this is the ancestor of the modern suit.

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(At the same time, there were also issues of class and other issues going on, for example as the revolutions and pushes for equality of the 1700s and 1800s happened, lower classes gained access and a sense that they had an equal right to wear the richer fabrics and colors of the aristocracy, the aristocracracy weren't too pleased with this and what was formerly aristocratic and grand often became simply "effeminate" and they re-invented themselves as more "restrained" and "classy" as opposed to the lower classes that were just "flashy" and "dumb" about using their newfound wealth. Look up "fops" and "maccaronis" as opposed to "dandies" for more information on that. more flashy fashion also came to be seen as maybe "traitorous" in particular in england and her colonies, as england had often been in the habit of contrasting itself with it's more "emotional" and less "rational" enemies in continental europe. which was basically propaganda.)

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anyway, hope this is at least somewhat useful despite all that's been left out and compressed into a small space.