Lately I've been more interested in music history, specifically things that you don't learn about in high school, such as pre-17th century music, or almost anything outside of Europe before the modern era. Does anyone know of any good books/websites where I can read up on this more?
Neither of these are things you will likely be able to purchase yourself, unless you are willing to drop a boatload of cash. But you might be able to find these reference materials in a library, especially if you have a college nearby with any sort of music department.
For music history, you should start with a college level textbook. The most extensive textbook on music history that we have right now is Richard Taruskin's massive, 5 volume History of Western Music. Taruskin, who is a bit of a firebrand in the field, writes with enormous flair and it is sure to be engaging. It is, additionally very clearly written from one author's perspective (this I think is one of its strengths). It is Taruskin's narrative of how he thinks Western music works. It's a little biased, but that also makes it thoroughly engaging, because it's not detached. If you want something a little smaller in scale, but nonetheless excellent, check out Burkholder's A History of Western Music, which is a standard undergraduate music text.
For non-western music, the field is so diverse that it's hard to recommend just one single book. That's why instead I'll point you to a reference collection: the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Despite the "Encyclopedia" title, it is really a collection of introductory essays on many different styles of music in many different cultures. I recommend just picking up a volume that has a culture or place you are interested in learning about, and flipping through the pages a bit. Each article also has a further reading list for if you want to know more.