I'll try to answer your question, sorry if it doesn't satisfy you. I'll focus on 18th to early 19th century the Ottoman Empire

Why of course they do have names. But i think it's rather less-known because Ottoman linguistic and literary assessment of ship names has received little attention from historians and other academics. Every ship, irrespective of its being naval or mercantile, must bear some kind of distinguishing label for identification, reference and communication. This rule was valid for Ottoman ships as well. However, Ottoman ships were not given individual names during the period of galleys (around 14th to mid-17th century), but were called by the names of their commanders, such as "Hasan Reis' galley", or "Ahmet Reis’ galliot". There were exceptions to this general trend however, two ships of the bastarda type (a war galley of intermediate size) were named the Yeşil Melek (Green Angle) and the Sultan. The first was used during Süleyman I’s Rhodes campaign in 1522, and the second during his Malta campaign in 1565.

Ottoman ships began to be given proper names in the second half of the 17th century, which also marked a transition between galley to galleon in their navy. Ottoman galleons were named in various ways. Occasionally, they were named after the person or people who financed their construction. For example the Uzunçarşılı was given this name because it had been financed by the tradesmen of Uzunçarşılı during the 1648 Crete campaign. At the beginning of the 18th century, the most striking physical features of a ship, such as its colour, stern, bow, hull shape and figurehead, came to be influential in its naming. Such examples are the Ejderbaşlı (Dragon-figureheaded), the Kaplanbaşlı (Tiger-Figurehead), the Yılanbaşlı (Snake-figureheaded), the Akrepbaşlı (Scorpion-figureheaded), the Gülbaşlı (Rose-figureheaded), the Küçük Gülbaşlı (Small Rose-figureheaded), the Bayaz Atbaşlı (White Horse-figureheaded), the Siyah Atbaşlı (Black Horse-figureheaded), the Al Atbaşlı (Red Horse-figureheaded), the Karnı Atbaşlı (Having the Belly of a Horse Figurehead), the Esterkıçlı (Mule-Sterned), the Şadırvankıçlı (fountain-sterned) the Çifte Ceylankıçlı (Double Gazelle-sterned), the Zülfükarkıçlı (Zülfikâr-sterned), the Yaldızlı Narkıçlı (Having a Pomegranate Gilded-stern), the Yaldızlı Batkıçlı (Having a Gilded, Narrow Stern), the Güneşkıçlı (Sun-sterned), the Kadırgakıçlı (Galley-sterned), the Servibahçeli (Having a Garden of Cypress), the Kuşbahçeli (Having an Aviary), the Kırmızıkuşaklı (Red-belted), the Yeşilkuşaklı (Green-belted), the Maviboyalı (Painted Blue), the Yaldızlı Hurma (Gilted Date) the Çifteçaprazlı (Double Transversed), and so on

From the mid-18th century onwards, combined hamasi (heroic) and epic names began to be used. The most striking aspect of these heroic names is the use of such motifs as wild animals, hunters, fortresses and mountains as deterrents to other navies and encouragement to the Ottoman warriors. Common features that they associate are power, self-confidence, agility, glory and glad tidings of victory. Such examples are The Niheng-i Bahrî (Crocodile of the Sea), the Ejder-ı Bahrî (Dragon of the Sea), the Hümây-ı Zafer (Phoenix of Victory), the Arslan-ı Bahrî (Lion of the Sea), the Kaplan-ı Bahrî (Tiger of the Sea), the Peleng-ı Bahrî (Leopard of the Sea), the Şehbaz-ı Bahri (Braveheart of the Sea), the Burc-ı Zafer (Tower of Victory), the Nasr-ı Cenk (Victory of War), the Serheng-ı Nusret (Warrior for Victory), the Peyk-ı Nusret (Harbinger of Victory), the Mukaddeme-ı Zafer (Beginning of Victory), the Necm-ı Zafer (Star of Victory), the Seyyâd-ı Bahrî (Hunter of the Sea), the Berîd-ı Fütuh (Courier of Conquests), the Nesîm-ı Zafer (Breeze of Victory), the Hilâl-ı Zafer (Crescent of Victory), the Fâtih-ı Bahrî (Conqueror of the Sea), the Mesken-ı Gâzi (Residence of the Ghazi), the Peyk-ı Zafer (Harbinger of Victory), the Kâid-ı Zafer (Leader of Victory), the Reber-ı Nusret (Guide to Victory), the Küh-ı Revân (Flowing Mountain), the Hüsn-ı Guzât (Beauty of Holy Warriors), Nüvîd-ı Fütuh (Glad Tidings of Victories), the Bahr-ı Zafer (Sea of Victory), the Âsâr-ı Nusret (Signs of Victory), the Pertev-ı Nusret (Beam of Victory), and so on

From the time of Selim III onwards, ships began to be named after Ottoman Sultans or commanders. Such examples are the Selimiye, the Mansuriye, the Mesudiye, the Mahmudiye, Mustafa, Hüseyin, Ali Bey, Mehmed Bey and Hâlit Bey. Some ships, such as the Fethiye, the İskenderiyye, the Fırkateyn-i Cedîd-i Gümrü and the Tûnus, bore the names of the places in which they had been built, while others were related to the function and duty of the ships, such as the Sefîne-i Mektup (Mail Ship) and the Firkateyn-i Aktarma (Frigate of Transfer and Transport). Later on, Sultans also sometimes named ships themselves. For instance, in a note presented to the Sultan Abdülmecid there were six potential names for the galleon to be launched in 1848: the Gûh-ı Peyker, the Burc-ı İkbâl, the Günûb-ı İkbâl, the Şahbâz-ı Deryâ, the Necm-i Şevket, the Peyk-i Şeref. The Sultan liked and chose the Necm-i Şevket for the galleon.