There are many historical women authors who were ruthlessly critical of patriarchy. To name just a few, Mary Astell who wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694 pt1, 1697 pt2), Mary Wollstonecraft who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), Damaris Masham, and Catharine Cockburn. These writers plainly saw their situation as one of repression, and there are many more. There is a lot of recent work in the history of philosophy about early modern women philosophers, and in particular ones that claimed equality of the sexes. They wrote about women's capacities, universal suffrage, marital rape, and numerous other topics.

There have also been texts written by women for women that were very much in support of patriarchal structures. In particular I seem to recall that many conduct books were written by women for women and were very patriarchal (conduct books were supposed to present an ideal for some role, Machiavelli's The Prince might be read as a satire of the genre). Hannah More was a contributor to the genre, speaking of newly liberated women in France she said (presumably in disgust) "they run to study philosophy, and neglect their families to be present at lectures in anatomy." She named her cats Passive Obedience and Non-Resistance. These don't indicate that she didn't recognize that women were repressed, she experienced some blow back for speaking so publicly in support of good manners, so even she was pushing boundaries. Rather, some women were trained to think that patriarchy was good and natural, what today we might call internalized misogyny.

I focused on the early modern period in Europe since it is what I know, and we have more primary sources for women writing in this time period. However I suspect both currents described in this post were present in earlier periods and different locales. In any case there was very little any of them could do about their place, having no representation either in government or by vote almost everywhere. There is evidence today that some sex-based repressive practices are organized and done primarily by women to women, such as Female Genital Mutilation, I don't know much about the historical record for what it was like on these sorts of things historically.

My area of study is medieval gender history, so to add on to the answer that addresses the early modern period, there is evidence from earlier that women found their social roles problematic or repressive and wanted to see a change. Christine de Pizan was a 14th/15th century writer who wrote quite a bit about how difficult it was for women to make it in the world, particularly mothers and widows, and objected to the sexist judgments that were leveled against women by society. Her Book of the City of Ladies is one of her more well-known works, but she wrote quite a few that addressed the treatment of women, and also engaged in public debate about the misogyny and sexism present in a famous work during her time, Romance of the Rose. There's a lot of debate over whether Christine can or should be considered proto-feminist - she certainly held some ideas that fell in line with the larger patriarchal mindset - but whether that term could be applied to her or not, she was definitely aware of how women were viewed in her society and objected to a lot of it.

Marie de France is another woman who comes to mind; her Lais were written in the 12th century and addressed issues like infidelity (both when a man committed it and when a woman did), societal expectations of women vs. men, and what it meant to be a good wife, mother, and woman. It's tough to know quite what Marie de France intended with her writing, since we don't even know for sure who she was, but there is an evaluation of social and gender norms and expectations in her work, and indication that she wasn't hard-line in terms of finding women who engaged in extra-marital affairs problematic if they were treated poorly by their husbands, and didn't find poor treatment of women in general acceptable or justified.

Margery Kempe dictated her own biography in the early 15th century, which is largely about her religious experiences but contains information about her clashes with church officials over whether she should be talking about religion in public or traveling the way she was, rather than staying at home with her husband and children; Margery thought what she was doing was fine and objected to the church's attempts to monitor, control, and inhibit her behavior.

Moving forward just a bit, Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of the French king Francis I, allegedly wrote The Heptameron, which is a fantastic series of stories that evaluate and analyze the behavior of men and women in the context of 16th century French culture, with commentary before and after each story as a frame. There's a lot of discussion and argument within the text about gender roles, social expectations for women and men, sexual assault and the unfair judgment placed on women who are victimized, modesty, and so on.

In short, there were medieval women who saw aspects of their societies as repressive and problematic, and spoke out against it as best they could.