Gunfire—from federal troops or the state militia—seemed to be the manner of choice during the 1894 Pullman Strike. See: Wish, Harvey, “The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Vol. 32, No. 3, (1939).

For an understanding of the Chicago police force during a period of multiple strikes generally, which will help you understand their training, tools, and methods (and thus helps one understand why the military was involved more than the Chicago PD), see: Heller, Mark H., “Historical Roots of Police Behavior: Chicago, 1890-1925,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 10, No. 2, (Winter 1976).

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