The manuscript seems to be a description of the countries and provinces of the ancient world. This image precedes the chapter about the country or province of Cedar, named by Ishmael (son of Abraham) for is son Kedar. It seems to refer to the Qedarite Kingdom, south-east of Damascus and east of the Transjordan, so north-western Arabia.

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My very limited understanding of the text is that the author says that the land is burned by the sun, that people here live in caves, are cruel and ferocious, that ferocious beasts like bears, lions, wolves and leopards live there and people use there skins as garments. There seems to be some references to the Celts and to migration.

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So it's absolutely not a depiction of cavemen from prehistory as the Tumblr post suggest but a depiction of a barbarian foreign lands in biblical times.