According to my estimate Jews made up perhaps 1-2% of the population of Iran during the reign of Reza Khan/Shah. I have heard mixed reports on this - on the one hand Reza Shah was a radical secularist and modernist, and it seems like the Jewish population featured in his propaganda styling himself after the traditional narratives surrounding Cyrus. On the other hand he was a committed nationalist and an incredibly ruthless strongman ruler who developed an admiration of and relationship with Nazi Germany. I would be interested to hear from anyone who has studied this aspect of 20th century Iran!
(This is my first answer have mercy.) Well, no. Reza Shah’s regime was avowedly secular and aimed to treat all religion the same, even in the face of Nazism. Nazis attempted to convince Iran and her government of aryan race beliefs. They sent signed pictures and sold weaponry, had diplomatic meetings and other symbolic gestures of camaraderie, but ultimately, only reached surface level in their power. It isn’t to be said however, that Jews were treated perfectly either, it’s just that Nazi influence had nothing to do with it, at least on the government side.
First it had to be noted that there has been an overplaying of Reza Shah’s relation with the Nazis. While the Nazis did indeed attempt to foster alliances with Iran, to the level of Hitler himself sending Reza Shah a signed portrait, Iran kept the relations to trade ties. A good summary of the relationship between the two is presented by Manucher Farmanfarma in his novel Blood and Oil: “It wasn’t that the Iranians were pro-German; it was that they were anti-British and anti-Russian, and hence by definition supported any country that could give those two a licking.” Nevertheless, they did share relations which prompted the Anglo-Soviet Invasion, although any level of relations that would welcome jew-sharing is propaganda.
Now Hitler did, again, attempt to woo Iran to Aryan doctrine, such as designating Persians aryans and shipping over a bookcase of aryan literature. But here again, failure was the name of the game. One interesting story that details Iran’s detachment from Nazi doctrine is that of Abdol Hossein Sardari, the consul in Paris. Sardari, on the basis that Hitler had exempted Persians from his archaic racial oppression, argued that Iranian Jews be spared as well. Later on in the war, Sardari even helped issue over 2,000 passports for Jews to travel to the safer Iran and escape the Nazi yoke, which was later commended by the government. Reza Shah and his government aimed to maintain their secular view, and the jews remained unopressed, at least from the angle of Nazi involvement.
This is not to say that jews were treated perfect and everything remained peachy, however. The people were different. They always held an innate nationalistic sense of superiority, and many supported Hitler’s laws, and harassment of Jewish citizens became commonplace. Jews were looked upon suspiciously should they enter politics, and the Shah nearly cut off the water to a jewish slum and purged a jewish member of parliament, Samuel Jem, although the last two may be attributed to his paranoia and resource conservation in general. Ultimately, Jews were not oppressed due to Reza Shah’s German ties, but didn’t get off cleanly either.
Sources/Further Reading:
Blood and Oil: Memoirs of a Persian Prince by Manucher Farmanfarma A History of Modern Iran by Ervand Abrahamian Saving Jews in World War II: Abdol Hossein Sardari Qajar by Fariboz Mokhtari and Fatemeh Aman (While not a full book, this is an exploration into the diplomat I mentioned in paragraph three.)