I began to wonder why all the planets are named after Roman gods, except Uranus. Why does it not follow the convention?
Also, as far as I can tell, all the major moons are named after the Roman gods, except for Phobos and Deimos (the moons of Mars, which is also a Roman god). Why is there this disconnect?
And yes, I am aware they are (mostly) all the same gods, but just with different names. I would like to know why this handful of celestial bodies break the convention.
The answer can be found on pages 88-90 of Johann Elert Bode's Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten (1784), in which he suggests that, just as Saturn was named for the father of Jupiter, the newly-discovered planet (discovered by William Herschel in 1781) should be named after the father of Saturn, which he incorrectly names as "Uranos." Other names for the new planet that didn't catch on included the "Georgian Planet," "Neptune," and "Herschel." As this was the first planet discovered since the ancient era, it was the first time a planet had been named after a "non-contemporary" deity, which no doubt led to the correction never being made.
See also, Lexell, A. J. (1787). "Recherches sur la nouvelle Planète, découverte par M. Herschel & nommée par lui Georgium Sidus". Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae (1): 69–82, for instances of the use and suggestion of alternate names.