Patronage and resources.

Both Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque were constructed by the rulers of powerful empires, who had the power (and political incentive) to complete large building projects quickly. Notre Dame, on the other hand, was constructed by the leading citizens of a single city, who lacked the means to sustain a construction project on anything like same scale.

Justinian's investment in the construction of Hagia Sophia was massive. We do not know how many workmen were employed in the construction of Hagia Sophia, though one later source claims that they numbered 10,000. We do know that Justinian imported marble from every corner of his empire to decorate the interior (they are lovingly listed in Paul the Silentiary's poetic description of the interior), and that he drew upon the expertise of best-available engineers (his architects), sculptors, and craftsmen. Besides having the means to build quickly, he benefited by being heir to a centuries-long tradition of Roman engineering expertise, and was motivated to finish quickly by the political significance of the Hagia Sophia project: the cathedral's predecessor had been burned down in a riot, and the completion of a new building symbolized the viability of his reign.

In the case of Notre Dame, the pools of available resources, expertise, and political will were vastly smaller. The process of construction lagged accordingly.