I've been wrestling with how to answer this question over the past week. It's really too broad to answer. There's just too many topics to discuss changes and things that've stayed the same. In order to make this answer fit within normal time constraints, I'm going to give a very brief overview of a few major areas of change, but also some areas of common practice.

The huge area of change is that the Temple era had the sacrificial system and ritual purity/impurity. These were huge elements of Jewish practice--2 of the 6 sections of the Mishna (2nd century early codification of Jewish law, sort of) deal with these topics. Only small vestiges of ritual purity exist today (monthly immersion following menstruation for women, people with priestly lineage avoiding contact with the dead), and the sacrificial system does not exist at all. There's some evidence that laws of ritual purity were practiced by some even after the destruction of the temple, but that didn't last long.

The basic contours of the liturgy were established in the late second temple era, but with the destruction of the temple they stepped into its shoes and became much more codified and ritualized, and generally a larger part of Jewish life. Part of this is more holiday-specific liturgy and rituals, which existed in the temple era but expanded their role as the pilgrimmage to Jerusalem and rites in the temple fell out of practice. Ritual garb is now worn only for prayers, not all day, but would again be recognizable.

Dietary laws are largely the same. Rules around separating foods became codified at a later stage, but modern kitchens and food production have been the big change here. I reckon there's been more changes to how kashrut works in the past 150 years than in the 1500 years before that.

The Sabbath generally looks the same. There's been a lot of codification here too, new leniencies found, etc, but the overall picture would be recognizable. Again here, the largest change by far is technology, not the passage of time.