Yes. Thucydides describes an outbreak of plague in Athens during the early years of the Peloponnesian War. Mass graves have been found from the event, which we believe killed about a third of the population of the polis, all of whom had been concentrated behind the walls to escape the attacking Spartans. It seems to have been a form of typhoid fever. You can read the account by Thucydides here. In Roman times, the great Antonine plague comes to mind (during the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus; began about 165 CE), though the descriptions are more disjointed.

Descriptions of plague show up other places in ancient literature, as well. Lucretius (DRN 6.1119-1137), Vergil (Georgics 3.440-566), and Ovid (Met 7.523-615) all have poetic descriptions of plagues, based loosely on Thucydidean example.