Why has fascism come to be considered far-right?

by Dragonquack

When looking at original fascist theory made by Mussolini, fascism embraces a third positionist economic view and mentions nothing about race or religion. When and how did fascism’s tag as a far right ideology come?

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To say that Fascism "has come" to be considered far-right, seems to suggest that there was a time when it wasn't considered a formation of the right.

While Fascism - or better certain Fascist contributors, and those more concerned with the development of corporatist ideas and with the interpretation of the policies of the Regime in the field of social-economical organization, more prominently with the 1930s - did put some belated efforts in positioning Fascism as a "third way", mirroring somewhat Mussolini's original struggle to avoid the appearance of "a Capital shill" during the Agrarian reaction of 1920-21, these were indeed much belated attempts.

That is, when Fascism found its original political affirmation - and defined its collocation within the spectrum of Italian politics - there was no such thing as an original theory made by Mussolini. And in fact there never was a theory made by Mussolini (those who make reference to one usually mean his and Gentile's "Doctrine of Fascism" which was composed when Fascism was already old enough to have his own copy of the keys).

The early Fascists economical programs - for instance the one composed by O. Corgini and M. Rocca in September 1922 - were inspired, to quote D. Forsyth, to "militantly laissez-faire" ideas. Similarly, while A. De Stefani, Mussolini's first Minister of Finances, took an energetic approach to the restructuring of certain sectors of the public administration, those were focused on a (perfectly sensible from a liberal-economics perspective) significant reduction of public expenditure - notably by cutting the payrolls first (65,274 jobs between the public owned Railroads and Posts and Telegraphs) - and the use of the increased political stability and improved overall economical situation to limit the State's financial exposure in subsidizing certain sectors of the industrial and credit system.

While Mussolini later recanted a few of these early views, shifting towards a more "hands on" approach to economical matters (what is generally called his "dirigist" turn), this program - which expanded certain elements of Giolitti's national program of the 1920-21, without his somewhat demagogic concession to public resentment agains the "great capital" and "war profiteers" (such as the introduction of a retroactive tax on war profits or the, more reasonable but stronly opposed, regulation of nomnative securities) - was a significant part of Mussolini's consensus with the moderate, liberal elite of the Italian financial world (see for instance L. Einaudi's positive reaction to it).

Neither will you be able to find much "third position" ideas in the earlier reaction to Mussolini's political presence - for instance Milanese industrialist and Minister S. Crespi, writing about the assault against the Socialist newspaper Avanti! in April 1919, would qualify Mussolini as "the leader of bourgeoise reaction". To the point where Mussolini appeared extremely concerned with avoiding the general impression that he was, despite his reassurance, a man of the national right pure and simple, if not a man of the radical right. Efforts that indeed failed, if his attempts to enter the larger "democratic-interventionist" front at the elections of 1919 were cut short by the observation that this fact would have removed any support from the electors "discontent" with the Official Socialist Party.

And this was already before the Agrarian reaction, where fascist squads were funded and often acted on direct orders of the Agrarian Associations against the socialist and catholic leagues.

In 1921 Mussolini would eventually be elected to the Italian Parliament - with some 35 fascists - within Giolitti's center-right "National Blocks", providing the right wing to the last order of battle of the old statesman.

By this point, any possible doubt on his political collocation had ceased in substance to exist (the matter being reduced to internal frictions between a monarchist-conservative right, a constitutional-political center and a radical-action left). In fact, it is only possible to call into question Mussolini's political collocation as was perceived by his contemporaries by means of a revision process that chooses not to account for the aforementioned perception.

In short, Fascism didn't come to be seen as far right - Fascism was seen as a formation of the constitutional right, with a fringe armed appendix whose defining character was in its strongly anti-Socialist action, paired with a series of themes inherited by the radical right and by the combatantist experience through arditi symbolism, etc.

Attempts to re-establish Fascism as an alternative to both the Capitalist and Socialist way were made mostly during the 1930s by the Regime itself. And later - at least to my knowledge - returned to be a theme of interest during the "fascist" interpretation of a certain age of state intervention, most notably in South America.

Neither of these views - even if one regards them as legitimate - is consistent with the original perception of Fascism, and both appear to reveal a desire to reframe Fascism in a somewhat convenient manner.

 

For what matters, the original Fascist program has been thoroughly examined by many different authors and under many different perspectives. I provided some coverage here and here if you are looking for more.

This was perhaps the closest thing to a "democratic" tendency ever showcased by Fascism - in so far as the main driving forces of political debate were pushing towards that direction, and certainly could reveal no urgency towards a debate on economics which was destined to take root some fifty years later.

By 1920 most of those contributors (Lanzillo, De Ambris in primis) had distanced themselved more or less strongly by Mussolini's political action. Revealing again a clear, if personal, understanding of what Fascism was.

 

Albertini, L. - Vent'anni di vita politica

Cavalcanti, M.L. - La politica monetaria italiana fra le due guerre (1918-1943)

De Felice, R. - Mussolini – vol. 1, vol. 2

Forsyth, D. - The Crisis of Liberal Italy

Gentile, E. - Le origini dell'ideologia fascista

Gentile, E. - Mussolini contro Lenin

Malagodi, O. - Conversazioni

Marongiu, G. - La politica fiscale nell'Italia liberale e democratica (1861-1922)

Melograni, P. - Storia politica della Grande Guerra

Vivarelli, R. - Storia delle origini del Fascismo