Both, but I would argue political motivations were paramount. The political motives for Henry VIII's divorce are tied primarily to the survival of the Tudor dynasty. Henry's father, Henry VII, came to the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which is generally regarded as the end to the Wars of the Roses. However, Henry VII's effective taking of the throne by force, as well as his descent from the female line (rather than the male line) of the Lancastrian branch, meant that his claim to the throne was somewhat dubious, and helped encourage continued rebellions by diehard Yorkists who supported rival claimants. Though Henry VII managed to weather these uprisings and consolidate his rule, the Tudor dynasty was still in its infancy when his son Henry VIII came to the throne, and with the Wars of the Roses still fresh in mind, the new king recognized that the lack of a stable succession could very well lead to the end of his dynasty and the renewed outbreak of civil war. Consequently, the failure of Henry's first wife Catherine of Aragon to give him a male heir had major political implications, not just personal ones for the couple. Prior to his ultimate divorce from Catherine, Henry's only children were his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, borne by one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, and his daughter Mary by Catherine, who was at that time young and unmarried. With no brothers or close male relatives, Henry's dynasty was thus in a potentially perilous position, which rival claimants could exploit to their advantage. So while Henry's feelings for his second wife Anne Boleyn were evidently genuine, his ultimate decision to divorce Catherine and marry Anne was very much politically motivated, tied closely to the survival of his dynasty. The survival of the Tudors as Kings of England necessitated a male heir, and as Catherine had failed to provide one, Henry saw it as a political necessity to remarry. Also worth noting is that the decision of Henry to divorce Catherine and declare himself head of an independent English church itself had major political consequences abroad; doing so angered her nephew Charles V, who as ruler of Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Low Countries represented a dangerous enemy. However, Henry ultimately judged that the stable succession of his dynasty at home was more important than overseas relations with Charles and the Pope.