I imagine that people traveling around the world by ship/land wouldn't have managed to travel fast enough to realize the shift in time zones or communicate with people in their homelands without realizing the time difference between them. Is the concept of timezones a product of the heliocentric theory?
This has been asked many times on here, though usually in the context of time zones.
The short answer is that this is a trivial application of an understanding of a round planet (which people have understood since Antiquity) and a definition of time that depends on the position of the Sun (i.e. "noon" as the highest point of the Sun's daily transit). It doesn't matter whether it is a geocentric or heliocentric model at all (both describe the Sun's behavior the same way; even talking about the Sun's "motion" belays that we still use a geocentric reference point in casual discussion of solar-based time). Time zones are much later (19th century) attempts to make these differences easier to calculate (they are artificial; "true time" as defined by the Sun's position drifts continuously), initially to avoid train accidents (the first technology that required sufficient time coordination over long distances to require a "system").
Despite this being something trivial to figure out, the implications of circumnavigation ("losing" or "gaining" a day based on a calendar with a single reference point) was unusual enough that Magellan's crew were shocked to experience it (because they kept a scrupulous accounting of the passage of the days).