At least with fast food, car culture and the shift to the suburbs played a massive part in it.

Broadly, Americans began moving out of the cities and rural areas into suburbs after World War II. Suburbs had already existed in the 19th century thanks to railways, streetcars, and buses, but the economic boom of the 1950s led to an exploding population and a desire for returning soldiers (especially young veterans with the GI Bill paying for their education) to get their own house with a yard and garage. Planned suburbs were populated with mass produced housing and the car became the way to get around. Road trips became a huge thing, taking advantage of both the booming economy and the interstate highway system making interstate travel simpler and faster.

With the explosion in car travel and faster pace of modern life, the need to get food on the go became paramount. Fast food restaurants with drive-ins and drive-throughs were vital for people who needed to just grab and go. The standardization of fast food chains also provided a sense of security in food quality; in the days before Yelp reviews, you had no way of knowing if a local eatery was any good without walking in and ordering a meal. But if you saw a McDonalds, you knew that it would give you the exact same food as the McDonalds you stopped in 5 states ago.

By comparison, Europe and Asia had suffered greatly from the war. Britain was still under some form of rationing until 1954, roads and factories were destroyed in Germany, France, and Italy, millions had been killed, etc. The economic conditions and untouched (even expanded) infrastructure of the United States that made long car trips and fast food drive-through chains possible simply didn't exist at the time except in America.