I'm going to have a crack at this, as I wrote my dissertation on the evolution of Western post-apocalyptic literature. The earliest apocalyptic imagery we come across in the western canon is in the Bible, with the Book of Revelation, and this is the term 'Apocalypse' originates. The Christian concept of Apocalypse isn't really relevant to your question however, as what you're asking about is the post-apocalypse.

The first real post-apocalyptic novel is Mary Shelley's "The Last Man". In this novel, a disease sweeps through Europe, devastating the population. The narrator wanders through a Europe where nature reclaims the civilised spaces, with some (to the modern reader) farcical elements such as sheep wandering through Italian palaces. "The Last Man" should be read not just as a post-apocalyptic novel, but as a novel concerned with Shelley's relationship with her recently deceased husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, the famous romantic. In "The Last Man", buildings fell, humans became tribal, nature prospered, but many of the doomsday scenarios that you mentioned didn't exist. Shelley's work preceded most post-apocalyptic work by a hundred years or more, so can be seen as an aberration, or a beginning.

The large body of post-apocalyptic work began in the early 1900s. I would argue that there is a large body of work in the post-apocalyptic strain that does not include nuclear holocaust as the primary mechanism for collapse. Two novels I would recommend are Wyndham's "Day of the Triffids", in which humanity is overcome by plants but manages to survive, and Ballard's "The Drowned World", in which water levels rise, and the Earth warms, to the extent that humanity struggles to survive. Both of these novels are more concerned with environmental catastrophe than necessarily 'nuclear catastrophe'. This ecological apocalypse was strongly influenced by Carson's "Silent Spring", which was a key text for the environmental movement.

Although my focus was on environmental apocalypse, there are two key other areas that are common in apocalypse - aliens and technology. Thinking of films, such as "The Quiet Place", or novels such as Wells' "War of the Worlds", aliens are a common apocalyptic theme that include destruction, but not necessarily some of the tropes you mentioned. Technological catastrophe as well is common, for example in Vonnegut's "Cat's Cradle", where Ice-Nine conquers the planet, or even "The Terminator", where a hard AI aims to wipe out the human race.

I hope I've shown that there are many different styles of post-apocalyptic imagery, even in the past 30/40 years, but it's true that it is very common to see nuclear holocaust as one of the most common. Please do message me if you have any questions - I love this stuff!