Edit: Typo in title, should have said "How" now "Who".
Today, many universities include in their curriculum for students of natural and social sciences a course about the philosophy of science, that usually deals with issues like realism vs. anti-realism, perception of reality, deductive vs. inductive inference, post-modernism etc. I found the discussion presented on these topics to be extremely European-centric.
What main schools of thought regarding questions such as "what is reality", "what is knowledge", or "how to conduct systematic investigation of nature" exists outside of European circles?
I can't give you a good answer. But I'll throw in my two cents, because Reddit, yo.
I am a scientist - chemistry guy - even though now I am a marketing and business bozo. But, I've been in the science industry for 20 years so I find this stuff interesting.
From a personal perspective, I was a practicing Buddhist for years and years. So, again, I find this an interesting question.
I don't have an answer, but a book that you could find interesting is "The Universe in a Single Atom" by the Dalai Lama:
https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Single-Atom-Convergence-Spirituality-ebook/dp/B000FCKCZQ
I am not suggesting that is exhaustive, but merely perhaps a jumping off point to see a Tibetan Buddhist perspective on science.