Short answer: No.

Long answer: To understand why there was no women that led the Soviet Union it is important to understand how the Soviet Union was led. On paper the government was headed by the Premier of the Soviet Union. Yet the government itself was not in charge, the Communist Party was in de facto control of the government. This meant that the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and in turn the de facto leader of Politburo would have absolute control to use the levers of the official government through the power of the Party. The way it was controlled was cemented by Joseph Stalin who used the powers of the Secretary of the Party to control member rolls and who was allowed to even speak to the Central Committee as a way to wield power. He was able to amass power through the levers available to him. Before him Vladimir Lenin was in control by being the head of the Bolsheviks and the rest of the committee simply assigning him his leadership status. Subsequent leaders often amassed power by consensus and election through the Central Committee following Stalin.

Why is this important to women coming into power over the Party in the Soviet Union? Because there was only four women total who ever even served on the Politburo. One served, in a twist of fate, as Secretary during the Russian Civil War in 1919 under Lenin until in changed hands before ultimately ending up in Stalin's lap. The other three were within reformist governments of Khrushchev and Gorbachev and were eclipsed by those already in charge.

To put it another way, the Soviet Union is often framed as a conflict of paradoxes. The paradox was that the Soviet Union claimed women were equal to men, they committed to the idea by increasing women's literacy, women's suffrage, and roles in the workplace. The paradox was that the system still was based on old gendered stereotypes that often meant women were overlooked and sidelined for any leadership roles. While the government and party was willing to have Soviet women serve in the military during World War II, they were not allowed to lead any military during or after the war. This paradox of claiming to destroy gender roles and elevate women was often a paradoxical lie because there was no women leading in any way.