If you are looking for information on Soviet political purges, there is an informative comment on Stalin's purges by a now deleted user.

Absolutely. From the late 1920s through 1976, anti-democracy, anti-capitalist, and anti-bourgeoisie movements were common place in the Communist Party of China (CPC) before they won the civil war and in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) after it was formed in 1949. Generally, these movements can be described as “anti-revolutionary,” meaning against the Communist/Socialist revolution. The politics being what they were, targeted groups were often those with ties to Western capitalist cultures, democratic ideals, or those who were actual capitalists—people that owned business or land.

Many of these movements tended to become extreme, ending in the murder or imprisonment of targeted individuals. At times, the CPC leadership specifically called for harsher and crueler treatment of “enemies,” which were excluded from their communities, social services, and even jobs on the basis that they fell into “black classes” or were labeled “monsters and freaks.” Average participants would sometimes take advantage of the permitted chaos for personal gain (e.g. to get revenge on a neighbor). Moreover, choosing not to participate in a purge could bring suspicion on yourself, and children often denounced their parents, sometimes causing their deaths. In some cases, there were quotas on how many individuals (or what percent) in a given community must be “bad” or against Communist victory. The result was an increasing frenzy of “revolutionary” activity.

Explicitly anti-US movements were somewhat rarer than movements aimed internally at sniffing out Western democratic or capitalist influence. A primary reason for this was that China’s purges were not geopolitical at their core (like McCarthyism was). In broadest terms, purges under the CPC were meant to ensure their success in achieving a socialist revolution for their country; remaking the Chinese populous into “modern people”—that is, removing the mental constraints of traditional values, traditional beliefs, and imperial culture; and ensuring the continued leadership of the CPC.

However, anti-US propaganda abounded in Chinese society after 1949, but especially after the Korean War. As a result, family or friends in or past travel to or study in the US was enough to become a target in most of the purges taking place after the mid-1950s. Even being friends with someone matching a description above could get a person in trouble. There were even cases where CPC spies who had once been directed to mingle with enemies (e.g. British, Americans, and members of the Chinese Nationalist Party) for gathering intel later had these pro-revolutionary actions held against them, leading to detention or death.

Notable examples include: —AB Tuan Incident of 1926: this is not anti-capitalist per se, but is one of the earliest violent purges that set the stage for what was to come and what was expected under Mao Zedong’s leadership

—Tugai (i.e. land reform) from 1927-53: poor rural Chinese were actively instigated to violently reclaim land from capitalists and redistribute it more equitably. Mao specifically urged the “revolutionary” classes (meaning the poorer classes) to rise up, treat landed bourgeoisie with malice, and hold them to account in order to throw off the shackles of imperialism.

—Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957: intellectuals that spoke out against the CPC’s violent tactics and collectivized economy were denounced, beaten, and imprisoned for their views—even after having spoken out because an earlier campaign specifically solicited feedback on CPC policies

—Cultural Revolution from 1966-1976: this was essentially a mega-purge, especially in the first 3 years, meant to shake-up the core of Chinese politics and society (and ensure that Mao Zedong remained in power despite disastrous policies in years earlier). In addition to the traditional anti-revolutionary targets and violent tactics of other purges, there was a more pronounced geopolitical element in this movement as well. At the time, China was isolated from and increasingly hostile with the US (until Nixon’s visit and the 90 degree turn in relations). People burned effigies of US figures, protested outside US (and European) embassies, and renamed street signs with Western names.

To instigate participation in these movements and disseminate anti-revolutionary and anti-US messages, there was a grand propaganda apparatus. For it’s time and the state of China during that period (they had been in a state of war and disorganization for nearly 5 decades by 1950), it was quite sophisticated. There were printed materials distributed to households all over the country. There were community “spies” who attempted to correct negative discussions as they occurred and reported dissatisfaction back to the Center. There were loudspeakers rigged across towns and villages so that CPC propaganda messages were unavoidable. There were regular mandatory study sessions in work places. And there were events for people to recognize, admit, and correct their mistakes after they were denounced by their communities.

Written documents showing anti-US, anti-capitalist, and anti-democratic messages are discoverable. The easiest place is to look if you can read Chinese or have a friend that can is archives of the People’s Daily newspaper (these can be found online or through your school, assuming you’re in college). Because People’s Daily was and is the CPC’s official mouthpiece, it’s content is typically parroted across many newspapers, especially back in the day. Examples of propaganda art posters can also be found online.

Some of my favorite sources and materials discussing purges and revolution in China:

—The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History (English book)

—Mao’s Last Revolution (English book)

—How the Red Sun Rose (Chinese book)

—A Hundred People’s Decade (一百个人的十年) (Chinese book)

—Searching for Lin Zhao’s Soul (Chinese documentary available on YouTube with subtitles (at least it was earlier this year))

—Swiss Witnesses to the Cultural Revolution: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-swiss-witnesses-to-chinas-cultural-revolution

—This collection of propaganda art: https://chineseposters.net

Edit: Someone pointed out that OP asked about Stalin and the USSR specifically. I read the question incorrectly and assumed it was more general about whether there were scared and purges that were directed against Westernism/capitalism outside of the US. My mistake. I’ll let the mods decide whether to leave it in case it’s interesting to others on the sub.

There's already a detailed answer on early-USSR and Stalin terror, but if you're interested in a Cold War era - then yes, there was a lot of fear of capitalist aggression (the focus was always on capitalism or on USA as the main antagonist, not on democracy) among regular soviet folks, and this fear was spread, reinforced and mass-produced by Party and State.

Here's the source link (text in Russian) for the main document which established the USSR propaganda efforts dated March, 1949 - the document title can be translated as "Anti-american propaganda activity plan".

There's also some additional references and info in a book by Vladimir Abarinov "Hollywood and Stalin", 2016 - some of his earlier works were translated into English, although I am not sure if this one was.

Anyway, in the early 50s the story was as follows:

• There was a separate committee (similar to ministry) of the Party which was officially called "Committee for propaganda and agitation" (yes, that's the official name, and "propaganda" was a part of this official name) - Agitprop unofficially - whose main goal was to establish an anti-US and anti-Western propaganda strategy to paint west and the capitalism in a negative way.
• Agitprop was created in 1949 (as per doc linked above) and continued to exist under different names up till USSR collapse in 1991, and the word "propaganda" was only removed from it's official name in 1988, when it was renamed to "Ideology committee".
• Agitprop was tasked to create and distribute propaganda through various state-owned media and resources - for example, major newsparers were tasked with producing and printing anti-Capitalist articles, comics, poetry. State-mandated literature and art division was also required to request plays, books, art from USSR's artists on anti-Western topics.

In a situation where all media is state-controlled and where's no easy way to get alternative opinions these efforts were quite successful. Probably just like in the US, a lot of common folks felt that their way of life is threatened by the enemy.

Common topics of the anti-West propaganda were:

• Anti-war. Especially in the early 50s when the US had an upper hand in nuclear arms and power a lot of efforts were put in painting US and the West as aggressors, focused on war and destruction, while painting USSR and the Eastern Block as proponents of peace. Here's a common example of a propaganda poster on this topic - the text says "NO FUNNY BUSINESS!" and the text on the bomb held by a capitalist says "Atomic bomb".

• Social issues. USSR and communist block was painted as a fair and inclusive state where everyone gets their fair share, while capitalist countries were depicted as being motivated only by greed and profit. Common example - the text explains that in the west the talent has no chance while in USSR you are able to achieve your best.

• Anti-colonialism and equality. An easy win for USSR propaganda - the communist rhetoric was always about equality and unity, and racial & segregation issues, exploitation of the colonies by capitalist West was a common target. Example - this was an anti-colonial poster supporting liberation of Africa, text says "End the colonialism".

There were also a lot of positive propaganda efforts (just focused on highlighting the benefits of communism and living in USSR) without contradistinction with the West. Every major historical event - Korean war, Vietnam war, Cuban crisis - was also supported with a very strong message and lots of articles and books which always painted USSR in the best light possible. Dissenting opinions, as I mentioned earlier, were hard to come by as all media was state controlled. Publishing or expressing dissenting opinion was at least a misdemeanour, and sometimes a felony.

The amount and the tone of state propaganda and the level of unrest and disturbance it caused varied from period to period - in the 60s during Khruschev's Thaw things were better, then worse again after Cuban Crisis etc.