What Do We Know About Zebra Hybrids In The South African Wars?

by Zeuvembie

I had read, on all-knowing wikipedia, that during the South African Wars zebra-mule hybrids were used to haul guns. Of course, being wikipedia, I'm a little skeptical about this claim; do we have any more details? Were zebra hybrids typically used for such work?

khosikulu

Typically? No. However, there was a significant history of trying to find some way to use the natural advantages of either Burchell's or Chapman's Zebra in terms of disease resistance for military purposes. They were recognized at least as early as M. Horace Hayes's 1885 Points of the Horse (see pp. 275-284) as desirable and tamable animals, but not truly domesticated and unlikely to become robust on the scale of draught horses anytime soon. This didn't stop people from trying to use them as labor, but they were temperamental, easily startled, and apparently did not take training well; besides that, for agricultural use, existing horse breeds were adequate despite greater susceptibility in particular to tsetse fly.

The claim about hybrids mostly comes up in relation to the Boer Republics, who were supposed to have a program to cross ponies and Chapman's zebras to produce zebroids (a term that is still in use, as some breeding programs still exist, and sometimes this does happen in the wild) for exactly the purpose of towing guns. This was remarkable enough that, when captured, one of the animals was supposedly presented by Lord Kitchener (C in C of forces at the time) to King Edward VII in 1901. Although this is supposedly the animal in question, purportedly a cross between a Grevy's Zebra (!!!) and a donkey aka 'zonkey' or 'zebrass' photographed after the war, I have found no actual documentation of this gift, and the excerpt I finally found from The Sphere in 1902 shows the 'gift' as being a hybrid of a Burchell's zebra and a stallion called a 'Zebrinnery,' about 4/5 of the way down with a sketch, and I haven't seen anything (as yet) in Kitchener's reports to untangle it authoritatively. I was in some of Kitchener's surviving papers last summer, and if there is any mention of such a thing it either did not survive or else it's buried in the volumes of miscellanea, because if I'd seen it I would have grabbed it as a target of opportunity. [edit: But apparently we have The Sphere and its account of the actual gift in 1902, not 1901, which I just spotted.]

So the question of whether it was 'typical' is easy to answer: No, it wasn't typical, despite its actual deployment; it was exceptional enough to take a captured animal back to England, or at the very least it was ascribed to a somewhat desperate special effort for a military animal by the Boer Republics. It was not apparently widespread enough to appear as a prominent part of Boer military doctrine (as I have also been in the KG records in Pretoria, and those of the Quartermasters, though that doesn't mean they don't discuss solutions to the 'paardziekte' problem at some point). Most importantly, it was not something that was adopted by others either before or after the war, despite significant interest in the possibility by aficionados of military science.

[edit: added in the pointer to the clipped image of a drawing from the 1902 volume of The Sphere which attests to the gift and, if anything, makes the mystery here even weirder in the broader context of attempts to breed zebroids which that page summarizes.]