Might be slightly outside the scope of this sub, but alas r/askfilmhistorians isn’t a sub.
From the 1950s to the end of the Cold War there were several major American films depicting, usually through accident or misunderstanding, an unplanned American nuclear strike on the USSR, with Dr Strangelove, Fail Safe, and War Games springing to mind.
Did the Soviet Union ever produce films from the opposite perspective, depicting
rouge Soviet bomber crews violating US airspace or anything along those lines?
Dead Man's Letters (Письма мёртвого человека) is a late Soviet film loosely with this premise - it is a computer/operator error that causes the weapon to launch, but the overt political element of the American counterparts is less present. This film is particularly interesting as it was made in 1986, the same year as Chernobyl (and holds up rather well).
I can't think of films closer to something like Dr Strangelove - General and Daisies (Генерал и маргаритки) is one of Mikhail Chiaureli's later films. It is about nuclear war with the USSR, but is a pretty flat example of socialist realism.