First, the actual Trail of Tears itself has been well-covered in other answers, like the responses here from /u/Snapshot52 and /u/Spellca:

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8xgfk8/was_the_trail_of_tears_an_act_of_genocide/

I'm writing this simply looking at the 1950s. I must also give the caveat that what I can refer to are textbooks, but that does not necessarily represent a full picture of what went on inside a classroom.

Probably the clearest layout of the curriculum as eventually seen in American 1950s history textbooks comes from the 1944 publication American History in Schools and Colleges. I'd recommend especially perusing Chapter 6, Recommended Content for American History Courses (the AHA has the whole thing online here). There's one very specific and interesting aspect from 1950s textbooks that does not make it in the 1944 document, but I'll get into that in a moment.

"How People Live" is considered the easier aspect of the curriculum and in the "middle grades"; this is the only time the word "Indians" appears and it is done only in the context of "westward movement of peoples". The "white majority" perspective is essentially the default. The list of representative people to cover is, again, clearly tilted to the white majority perspective.

I should add this is partially a structural problem. Essentially, the lives of the "common person" are separated from the "events" and the "famous people". Even if the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was mentioned (and you'll notice it's not in the 1944 document) it would be framed around the actions of Andrew Jackson; it wasn't until the 1960s and 1970s that you'd start to get more detail from the Native American perspective.

Perhaps everything above seems a bit predictable, but: a great of many of the textbooks explicitly were trying to be progressive, it's just their focus was elsewhere. Where this can be most clearly seen is a 1959 book by E. Merrill Root with the eye-popping title of Brainwashing in the high schools; an examination of eleven American history textbooks. The author's thesis is that textbook authors of the 50s leaned hard to introducing collectivist ideas and claims outright the presence of Communist brainwashing.

As sensational as Root's pitch was (it is almost a perfect time capsule of the Second Red Scare) it is true the labor movement started to get more space; a review of one of the more popular textbooks of the era (originally published in the 40s but used through the 50s) states "Since the progressive movement has all too frequently been shunted to a small space in high-school textbooks in American history, it is gratifying to see, especially in a book for the senior level, a complete unit devoted to this crucial phase of American history."

This had the odd side effect of Jackson being portraying in a positive light (Root calls him the "darling" of the "liberals"). Jackson, at least as perceived at this time, was a "man of the people", and as an "anti-establishment" candidate. Thus, even if it weren't for the issues I cited earlier, the textbook authors were focused too much on that aspect to want to linger on the full horror of the Trail of Tears.

Primary sources linked above; I also found

Allis, F. (1957). The Handling of Controversial Material in High School Textbooks in American History. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 72, 323-350.

useful but more as a primary source, and I also referred to the Texas Adopted Textbook List.