The Arabs at that time were for the most part polytheists and had their own Gods along with the Abrahamic one known in Arabic as Allah (Al-Ilah Lit. The Deity). The main difference between Islamic and pre-Islamic teachings came from Islam calling for Monotheistic worship of Allah while the Arabs of the time had a great many other deities that were worshiped throughout the Arabian Peninsula like Al-Lat, Al Uzzat, and Manat, as well as many local deities for every town and village. The majority of Arabs followed this way of life with Mecca held as a central gathering point as reports from the time of the Conquest of Mecca by Muhammad record the presence of 360 Idols in and around the Kaabah. There were also major Idols outside of Mecca as well, as special military detachments were sent to destroy these after the same conquest.

Now this is not to say there were no Jews and Christians around, because there were a few recorded instances of both, but the various Jewish tribes are more well recorded in Islamic Tradition due to their interactions with Islam's Early Days. There were Jews even living in Madinah, the city that would become the first seat of power of an Islamic Nation after the Muslims migrated there 13 years after Muhammad started preaching Islam. They had many dealings with the Muslims from prominent Conversions (Abdullah bin Salam), to treaties, and to war both with and against the Muslims. Incidents of Christian interaction in the early days are fewer but they are also recorded such as interactions with the Ethiopian King Negus, Salman Al-Farsi(Lit. The Persian), and the envoy that was sent to Muhammad who offered the use of the Mosque for their Sunday service in Madinah. There would still be strong interactions that Arabs had with Christians as Mecca was a trading city and Caravans would regularly cross all the way to Byantine Territories

In Islamic Tradition, A connection to Abraham comes from the Prophet Muhammad claiming descent from Abraham via Ishmael ( Ismail in Arabic) while other Prophets After Abraham were to have descended from Abraham via Isaac (Ishaaq in Arabic). The connection is also further compounded in Islamic Tradition by following in the same basic traditions and worship of the Same God as Jews and Christians.