Introduction to Argentine Exceptionalism (free PDF) is exactly what you're looking for. It's a concise introduction to all of the popular theories (there are a lot of them). It cites the principal theorists and from there you can look up their books on the topic. The article is written by staunch ideologues and this is very evident since they write with contempt about 'poor people being too dumb to vote for the right politicians', ie:

a shock may lead people to believe that the rich are just lucky and the poor are simply the product of an unfair society. These beliefs, as well as income inequality, then lead voters to demand policies to redistribute some of that ‘‘unfair’’ income

BUT they still do a good job of presenting the common theories and acknowledging their strengths, even if inconvenient for their own beliefs.

They range from the classic 'It's all Peron's fault' to newer ideas that can be summarised as 'Argentina was never actually rich, and it's actually a lot wealthier today than modern estimates say' to 'it was rich, but far more unequal than other rich nations with none of the foundations laid for the future'. Actually, the authors manage to synthesise all of these together at the end, basically concluding with 'Argentina was never that rich, it was very unequal, we hate Peron, and also it's a lot richer today due to common underestimates regarding its gross wealth.'