The short answer is no, Ptolemy's work actually predates the introduction of the Indo-Arabic numerical system in the Mediterranean world by about 700 years. Moreover, it is likely that the numerical system did not even exist in the time of Ptolemy.

The Indo-Arabic numerical system was developed on the Indian subcontinent. The earliest recognisable symbols can be dated more than 2000 years ago, even before Ptolemy's time. But these symbols are not very well understood, and it's very likely they do not yet represent the numerical system we now use. That is, a decimal system that uses positional notation with a symbol for zero. These developments probably happened somewhere in the following centuries, still in India.

Around the 8th and 9th centuries the numerical system, now the complete system we still use today, was adopted by islamic scholars, who came in contact with the Indian world after the Arab conquest of the Persian empire. After the translation of islamic mathematical treatises into Latin, the Indo-Arabic numerical system was finally introduced in Europe during the 13th century by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. If you're interested, you can read my previous answer about the introduction of the numerical system in Europe.

So Ptolemy could not have possibly used this numerical system, since it was not known in the Greek and Roman world, and most likely was still centuries away from being developed.

Then why are they on Ptolemy's maps?

Well, actually the maps you find that are labeled as from Ptolemy's Geographia are not actually by Ptolemy himself. Although the work was indeed written by Ptolemy in the 2nd century, the original manuscript of course does not survive. The versions we have of his work are Byzantine copies and Arabic and Latin translations (probably more like copies of translations of copies of copies, ...). Ancient documents rarely survive, since material that was used to write on (for example papyrus or parchment) understandably does not hold up well for hundreds or thousands years. Since the printing press was only invented in Europe during the 14th and 15th century, everything before that time had to be hand copied in order to survive through the ages.

The text of Ptolemy's work survived because it continued to be copied throughout late antiquity and the middle ages. The maps however, if the original work even included them in the first place, did not. The images you can find of Ptolemy's maps when you google them are mostly from a late 15th century manuscript, or, like the image you linked, from an early 15th century manuscript by the Italian scholar Giacomo d'Angelo. So the maps are actually medieval productions only a few centuries old (of course made from Ptolemy's detailed descriptions). These medieval maps use the Indo-Arabic numerals because by that time, their use was already widespread in Europe.