What Did English Architecture, Both Peasant and Not, Look Like During the Mid-13th Century?

by [deleted]
BRIStoneman

The mid-13th Century is an exciting time in English architecture; it's the dawn of Decorative Gothic, an evolution of the Gothic style which appears in England from the mid-12th century onwards. I wrote an answer here about the development of Gothic and its architectural and aesthetic superiority to Romanesque, as well its development into the Decorative and later English Perpendicular styles. Decorative in particular sees the adoption of ornate plate tracery windows, more complex vaulting, statuary and pillar work, and a proliferation of sculptural features supported by stronger walls and ceilings, and taller, well lit and airy interiors. Prime examples of pre-Decorative Gothic include Salisbury Cathedral, Hereford Cathedral, the nave of Wells Cathedral and the Choir of Canterbury Cathedral, while Decorative examples from the mid-13th include Ely Cathedral, the cloisters and Lierne vault of Gloucester Cathedral, and most of Exeter Cathedral.

In a non-secular setting, Decorative Gothic is found in a variety of civic settings, particularly in urban guild halls, spurred in part by increasing urbanisation and prosperity. Unfortunately, few of these remain unadulterated or unadorned: Bristol's 13th century Guild Hall was replaced in 1860, for example. Elements of Exeter's Guild Hall date possibly from the mid-12th, from a structure which probably replaced an earlier pre-11th century Romanesque hall on the same site, although much of it is disguised behind an Italianate 16th century facade and extensive 19th century restorations. Bury St Edmund's Guild Hall is a good example of the early Gothic style which was increasingly replaced by Decorative from the mid-13th onwards. While Clevedon Court near Bristol dates mostly from the early 14th Century, it's a good example of the domestic uses of Decorative Gothic which starts appearing in the mid-13th.

Less noble houses leave less spectacular examples, but they exist nonetheless, although their form varies widely around the country based on location and status. Dyer's work on medieval peasant housing originally looked at "crick houses" which were commonly held to be a late 14th century phenomenon, but have been shown in many cases to date from the early-mid-13th onwards. The Hendre'r-ywydd Uchaf Farmhouse is a good early 16th century example of how the earlier house might have looked. On Dartmoor, stone-built longhouses were a common phenomenon, many of which are still visible today. Southampton's Medieval Merchant House is a good example of a well appointed early 14th urban house, but a mid-13th example wouldn't have been particularly different.