Yes, Phoenician-Punic rb, "chief," and khn, "priest," have the same roots as Hebrew rab (from which rabbi derives) and kōhēn, respectively. I've seen no clear evidence, however, that Phoenician-Punic rb ever acquired the sense of "master" or "teacher," like rabbi.

Source: Richard S. Tomback, A Comparative Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages, SBL Dissertation Series 32 (Missoula: Scholars Press, 1978); cf. Charles R. Krahmalkov, Phoenician-Punic Dictionary, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 90/Studia Phoenicia 15 (Leuven: Peeters, 2000).