It's called historiography. There's a list of sources within the wiki. You could also try to find some of my personal comments on this subreddit. I was planning on making a list of those, but I haven't really gotten around to it yet. I limited my participate for awhile due to a myriad of factors. Your question essentially asks to quickly describe an entire discipline within history, which is a bit of a monumental ask. I would suggest to browse around this subreddit a bit or even simply using google.

Here a link to the book list regarding historiography. I have made other recommendations in the past if you want more. Here's a link to some of the frequently asked questions regarding historiography.

I don't mind trying to answer a more concrete question if those resources aren't what you are looking for!