The programme that brought scientists employed by the Nazis to the USA to become military, and possibly civilian, scientists was called Project Paperclip, and it was run by a military organisation called the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA). To my knowledge the most historically accurate book that deals with this project is 'Our Germans. Project Paperclip and the National Security State' by Brian E. Crim (2018), and all page references will be to that text. There are other books that deal with this, mostly written by journalists, but they are in many ways more journalistic than Crim's book, although Crim is keen to offer thanks to the investigative journalists who put forward many FOI requests to obtain the information.

In relation to the question, as far as I know it is not immediately clear that the scenario laid out in the meme occurred, namely that Jewish scientists who fled the Nazis personally recognised German scientists previously employed by the Nazis. One explanation is chronology - the law that forbade Jewish scientists to have academic positions, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, was passed on April 7th 1933. On the other hand, the average age of the V2 scientists in 1942, at the time of the first V2 launch, was 30, including Von Braun (pp. 42). Consequently they would have been around 21 at the time that Jews were forbidden to teach, so the Jewish and Nazi scientists were not academic contemporaries in that regard, as Moe and Homer are in the meme. There is, however, evidence that many scientists, including Jewish ones, were ardently against Paperclip.

As a bit of background, Project Paperclip was the name of the programme that aimed for the “procurement of preeminent German or Austrian scientists and specialists for utilization in the interest of national security by the technical services of the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force", where the quote is from US government memos (pp. 3). In total around 1500 German and Austrian scientists and other experts were brought from the former Reich to the USA, mostly between 1945-1947, although some came later, initially to work in military and security services, but this ultimately led to civilian employment, such as at NASA and other laboratories.

At the time the project was highly controversial, with much opposition coming from the State Department (SD). While some of this opposition was from a Jewish contingent, who were understandably offended by the idea of offering citizenship and contracts to Nazi scientists, much more of it was based in the idea that a Nazi resurgence was highly possible even after the defeat of the Germans. Despite this being the start of the Cold War, the State Department viewed the prevention of Nazi resurgence and the upholding of international law above the threat of the Soviet Union, which was in contrast to the military whose priorities were to gain advantages over the USSR, irrespective of their origins (pp. 87).

One of the main objectors from within the State Department was Samuel Klaus, who was a Jewish lawyer who was the SD's representative on the Paperclip committee. Klaus, like many others in the SD, was not ideologically opposed to the exploitation of the German scientists for the benefits of the US. He was, however, concerned for the national security of the US from giving citizenship to people who were of the ideology that, only a few months before, was that of the enemy. As stated, the SD was concerned of a Nazi resurgence, as well as potential rearmament as had happened after the First World War. Giving German scientists citizenship and access to US technologies could, they reasoned, be used against the US by a resurgent Nazi Germany, which would end up reflecting negatively on the SD rather than the military. Klaus was initially unaware of the scale of Paperclip and supported keeping the German scientists in custody for as long as they could be useful. While Klaus proved to be an irritant to the JIOA, he was not especially effective as the project went ahead without much actual resistance. In a break from the other books on the project, this book doesn't attempt to paint Klaus as a hero or villain. It is worth noting that many in the JIOA accused Klaus of undermining the project because he was Jewish and had an issue with the Nazis because of that. It is pretty clear that the JIOA had no concerns about bringing these German scientists over in relation to Nazi ideologies. The vetting process, or lack of, will be discussed in due course.

Once Paperclip became public it became clear that the public was more concerned by the programme than they were accepting (Crim gives the ratio of 10:7 on page 111). In bringing it back to the meme, scientific and civic organisations, like the Federation of American Scientists and the NAACP, were appalled by the importing of the German scientists. Einstein was unsurprisingly appalled by the programme was very public in his condemnation. To appease the public the Military released statements such as “Those brought over will be carefully screened so that no active Nazis are included", as well listing the results and developments that the scientists had obtained since their arrival. There were also propaganda campaigns highlighting positive experiences with the scientists, as well as mentioning the threat to the US by not bringing them over. Over time the public animosity died down and most people became more interested in the post-war economy.

Among the objecting American scientists, many supported exploiting the German scientists. The FAS was concerned with preventing nuclear war, but supported the military. It had ideological and security objections to Paperclip with concerns of a dangerous fifth column and offering citizenship "represents an affront to the people of all countries who so recently fought beside us, to the refugees whose lives were shattered by Nazism, to our unfortunate scientific colleagues of former occupied lands, and to all of those others who suffered under the yoke these men helped to forge". Another objection was to the idea of German scientific superiority, which many scientists felt personally affronted by - some invoked the fact that the Americans had developed the nuclear bomb, which was decisive in the course of the war unlike the V2.

In particular relation to the meme, there is one account presented in Morton Hunt's "The Nazis next door" in which one German scientist, Werner Ditzen, is quoted as saying "here are a few people at Wright Field who do not like us—all of us Germans. They are refugees from Germany, Jewish people, and they influence the others. You see, maybe their families were killed in Germany, or something like that. But we didn’t kill their parents, or what ever it was". Ditzen also mentioned that the FBI was not interested in his Nazi past, just that he was not a communist (pp. 117, 158). Much of the opposition was dismissed as being left-wing or communist sympathising, and, as mentioned, none of it was effective in preventing Paperclip from moving forward, even if it was not a PR success at the time.