There have been a few movements that can be (and to at least some extent have been) understood as answering your question in the affirmative. Probably the few that best fit what you’re asking, though, are those religious movements and uprisings that sought to overthrow the ruling regime and establish their own form of theocracy in its stead. Those include the two most major uprising under nominal auspices of the White Lotus Society in the 14th and 18th centuries.

Especially for its earliest incarnation, it’s fairly difficult to truly know what the “end-goal” of the adherents of the White Lotus would have looked like. Not only was it, well, a secret-society (which didn’t tend to circulate a whole lot of newsletters), and not only was it and it teachings actively suppressed by the Yuan and then Ming governments… but it likewise didn’t tend to get anywhere near whatever its goal “was” before being defeated and/or subsumed by competing monarchical movements (such as the Ming founder, Zhu Yuanzhang).

This isn’t to say that politically the White Lotus sects wouldn’t have pushed some form absolutism had they succeeded more widely. Indeed, even in its limited regional successes (as well as in Zhu’s total victory, as he was a part of the sect for a time as well) we see rebels leaders promoting themselves up to titles such Han Shantong proclaiming himself Mingwang (The Lord/King of Light), or Xiu Shouhui establishing the short-lived Tianwan Kingdom (“Heaven Consumated”) with him as its nominal emperor. Quite simply, there just wasn’t an alternative governmental theory to model a “new form of country” around. Rather, it’s more in the way they their teachings sought to re-organize society from the roots up that breaks with the “traditional dynastic model.”

As a fundamentally millenarian movement, the White Lotus was a syncretic blending two major beliefs that had been imported to China from the west. The first was a type of Pure Land Buddhism that believed that believed the end-times were upon the world, and would be heralded by the coming of Maitreya, the successor to the current incarnation of the Buddha, Gautama. Maitreya’s coming would utterly remake the world and renew the Dharma, bringing about a total transformation to every possible aspect of life and living. From the Maitreyavyākaraṇa: gods, men, and other beings would...

“lose their doubts, and the torrents of their cravings will be cut off: free from all misery they will manage to cross the ocean of becoming; and, as a result of Maitreya's teachings, they will lead a holy life. No longer will they regard anything as their own, they will have no possession, no gold or silver, no home, no relatives! But they will lead the holy life of oneness under Maitreya's guidance. They will have torn the net of the passions, they will manage to enter into trances, and theirs will be an abundance of joy and happiness, for they will lead a holy life under Maitreya's guidance.”

This had been blended with Manichaeism, an import from Persia, which taught that – again – the world was on the cusp of ending, and it would culminate in an apocalyptic battle between the forces of goodness and light against the forces of evil and darkness. This culmination would be heralded by the coming of the King of Light, hence Han Shantong being so keen to claim the title for himself (also, Xiu Shouhui in the south got in on this as well, claiming that he was actually the physical incarnation of Maitreya).