I think Khaled Fahmy's All the Pasha's Men should be a good starting point. It primarily focuses on the emergence of the modern Egyptian army, but social and economic developments under Mehmet Ali were also highly dependent on his efforts at modernizing the army; structural changes in the economy for example were due to Mehmet Ali's intention to finance the new army. Same goes with social history as his introduction of new conscription plan triggered a resistance from below.