Sure. The idea of atoms by the mid-19th century had become taken for granted by practically all scientists and part of science popularization and education generally. What were atoms? Well, that wasn't clear, but the idea that there were some unit of matter that was small and irreducible was known.

There's no easy way to say, "before this date, people didn't know or believe in atoms, and after this date, they did" — it's not that kind of thing, where some simple discovery or single book made it known or believed — but one can say that by the end of the Chemical Revolution, which is to say, in the mid-19th century, the idea of atoms had become absolutely essential to understanding anything about modern physical science. The harder question would be whether people in, say, the 1750s would know what an atom was if you mentioned it — some people would, some people wouldn't.

Out of curiosity, I ran "crushed to atoms" through Google Ngrams and the use of the phrase peaks around 1840. In other words, it was a more common phrase then than it is today!