Yes, they did, quite often even. It may appear to be srtrange for unarmed mob to hunt down experienced soldiers, but consider that warriors running away from battle would often lose their baggage train together with their supplies, probably discarding their armour and weapons in the process, and be completely demoralized due to defeat. So a properly organized ambush would easily catch them unaware and first strip them of their remaining possessions and later either take as prisoners or outright murder. Usually peasants weren't eager to oppose professional soldiers in the wartime but in case they were angered by their behaviour or wanted to take some loot with little to no risk it was a safe bet that farmers from local villages would swarm the place and chase down anyone they could find.

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Example of such occurance can be seen in the battle of Kanev (1662). Defeated cossacks who managed to get across Dnieper and retreat from the battlefield suffered further casualties at the hands of enraged local peasants who were also assisted by some cossacks who had switched sides after the battle.