In the western world these numerals are called Arabic since they entered the European cultural sphere through Arabic scholars in the middle ages. Today, in English-language works about the history of mathematics they are also referred to as Indian numerals, or Indian-Arabic numerals. If you're interested, I went into a little more detail about the spread of these numerals in a thread from a couple of months ago.

It's definitely true that these numbers, the symbols and more importantly the decimal positional system it utilises, are developments that took place over a period of several centuries on the Indian subcontinent. However, to claim that all medieval mathematical innovations came from India is simply not true. The numerical system was popularised in the Arabic world by the scholar al-Khwarizmi. Subsequent generations of Islamic scholars such as Abu Kamil and Thabit ibn Qurra expanded on the algebraic treatise of al Kwarizmi, for instance by connecting those insights with ideas from the geometry of ancient Greek thinkers such as Euclid. When the numerical system was popularised in Europe by Fibonacci, European thinkers also continued to advance the discipline, for instance Fibonacci's work with diophantine equations.

In short, although the numerical system was certainly an Indian innovation, mathematical knowledge did not stand still and was further developed and expanded upon by Arabic and European mathematicians.