At least within the Imperial Japanese Navy there were absolutely plans to make use of air dropped smoke screens in the "Decisive Battle".

The basic gist of the plan was that, prior to the Decisive Battle between battleships, there would be an aerial engagement for control of the airspace over the eventual battlefield. While it was not expected that carrier aircraft could achieve major results on their own (and given the limited ranges and payload of interwar aircraft, this was not as outlandish as it might seem when looking at WW2), but they were important enough that control of airspace was a key consideration.

For the Japanese, smoke screens, combined with aerial superiority was a key piece of their plan to 'outrange' the enemy. During this period, prior to the development of radar fire control, ships relied on optical systems in order to identify their targets, determine range, caclulate fire solution, and correct for fall of shot. From this, the utilisation of the kind of massive air dropped smoke screen was clear: if you could not see the enemy, you could neither get an accurate fire solution or correct for the fall of shot. However, that's only part of the solution. As ranges increased to the point that it could be difficult to identify fall of shot from the fire director's stations atop a ship's masts, aircraft were looked to as a solution. An observer in a seaplane orbiting above the ship could see much further than any one physically on the ship, and so could call corrections down to their ship. Aircraft could potentially see over such a smoke screen, which is where the importance of air superiority comes in.

If you had air superiority over the engagement zone, even if you never landed an air dropped torpedo or bomb on an enemy capital ship, airpower could prove decisive. You could harass or shoot down your opponent's observation aircraft, making it extremely difficult for them to call in accurate correction information, while ensuring your own observation aircraft could operate with impunity. The IJN hoped that by engaging at extreme range, with air superiority, from behind smoke screens, and with the addition of torpedo attacks from their light units, they could inflict crippling damage on the numerically superior 'enemy' (read American) battleline, before closing the range to finish off an already crippled enemy.

However, since the planned for Decisive Battle never occurred, the IJN never had the opportunity to deploy its battlefleet according to its prewar doctrine. By the time the IJN's remaining battleships were committed late in the war, the carrier air arm that would have supported them was long gone. Simultaneously, the development of radar fire control drastically reduced the potential effectiveness of the smokescreen plan. While optical fire control was blocked by the smokescreen, radar could see through it. Finally, there were relatively few capital ship engagements in World War II, and when there were it tended to feature a small number of ships on each side, with only one or two battleships in total. Without the kind of full battleline engageement envisioned, there were few situations where the kind of large scale air deployed smoke screen would have been used. Of course, more traditional smokescreens generated through a variety of means were widely used in WW2.

So, tl;dr: would air dropped smoke screens have been used? Potentially yes. The planning to use them definitely existed, and a role for them existed in IJN fleet doctrine. However, I can not recall a specific situation where air dropped smoke screens were used in combat, at least partially because their intended use (as part of the decisive battle between battleships) never occured.