This is a very interesting question with, unfortunately, not a satisfying answer. A 17th century Russian serf would wear rough woolen clothing with many layers, but not replaced the way you might replace a shirt with holes; these clothes would typically be made by a female serf using a dontse, or distaff. The owner of the serf had obligations to his property that would depend on the system (e.g., barshchina - these serfs would theoretically have 3/4 days to tend to land for their benefit).

There are 18th and especially 19th century accounts on serfdom, including clothing (poor, but not seemingly worse than the attire of European peasantry - the clothing had a very antiquated flair, however, based on the impressions of European travellers). Relation curieuse de la Moscovie is one account of 17th century Russian life, but it does not explore serf clothing in depth. The nemetskiy attire of urban gentry would be extremely foreign in the 17th century, and it would have no influence on serf clothing.

The year before, however, the Sobornoye Ulozheniye of 1649 formalized serfs as property. Serfs lost many of their rights - not that they had many to begin with - and were conceptualized as property in a way that wouldn't change until the late 18th century, when Paul I issued an edict forbidding mandatory labor of serfs on Sunday.