A good question that is mostly answered in this FAQ answer by u/AncientHistory and the thread that follows. The short answer is that a Latin dialect did develop and was likely used for quite some time. It was eventually replaced by Arabic after the Umayyad Caliphate moved into the region.

1. Many "europeans" living in zones with a strong and long roman presence, don't speak romance languages neither. The latinization process was even heavier in some of those zones (parts of Germania, Noricum, southern Britannia) than in many parts of the roman north-western Africa (specially inland) and latin was lost anyway.
2. A third of latinized Europe lost their local latin roots after the fall of Rome. The reasons why those "potential romances" were lost are similar to why north-western african ones were: Pre-roman indigenous structures and languages survival and specially the conditions of post-roman migrations and new languages spread.
3. North-eastern Africa (Egypt, Cyrenaica), never was predominantly a latin speaking area, but late egipcian or berber with a remarkable greek presence in biggest cities.
4. The rest of North Africa (from west part of Libya to Northern Morocco) seems to have been only partially latinized. Libyc-berber and punic languages were probably majoritary outside big cities and commonly used even on those urban centers.
5. The colonization process was much weaker and belated than in northern parts of western mediterranean. The italic colonies were relatively uncommon until well advanced second century AC.
6. Local populations seem to have maintained their traditional social structures, such as their tribal division, the traditional settlement or economic activities to a much greater extent than central and western gaulish or "hispanic" ethnicities (Narbonense and Baetica, don't allow comparisons as they were quickly and deeply romanized as no other territory in the entire Empire). Mauretania, Numidia or Africa were more comparable in their grade of romanization to southern England, Austria or western Germany.
7. In late Empire and after the fall of western empire, several berber kingdoms and chiefdoms established control on many parts of Mauretania and Numidia, reverting even more the already weak latinization proccess in many zones.
8. Byzantines took control of most northern Africa "roman" territories in VI century AC, then divided between berber chiefdoms and the vandals. They remain in Africa until Islamic expansion in late VII and early VIII centuries. Eastern romans didn't use latin as administrative language but greek, majoritary on the East since hellenistic period.