I was reading this article from The Converstaion: Black troops were welcome in Britain, but Jim Crow wasn’t: the race riot of one night in June 1943, and wondered who these men were and what happened to each of them. I've heard the story before but don't recall ever hearing them named or learning about their lives after the war.
The records of the appeal ruling of the men accused of crimes during the "Battle of Bamber Bridge" (night of 24-25 June 1943) are held in one of the volumes titled Holdings and Opinions, Board of Review, Branch Office of the Judge Advocate General, European Theater of Operations. Multiple volumes were produced dealing with appeals related to a variety of crimes committed by U.S. troops, and the resulting proceedings and decisions. In relation to the Bamber Bridge incident, a trial by general courts martial was convened at Army Air Forces Station 586, Camp Griffiss, on the grounds of Bushy Park, Middlesex, England, from 11-19 September 1943. The men, all members of the 1511th, 1513th and 1515th Quartermaster Truck Battalions (Aviation), their charges, and initial penalties imposed are listed below.
The men were charged variously with violating the 66th, 89th, and 96th Articles of War, corresponding to "mutiny or sedition," "good order to be maintained and wrongs redressed," and "all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the military service, and all crimes or offenses not capital, of which persons subject to military law may be guilty" (charges I, II, and III, respectively). Purcelle T. Johnson, Triplett, James A. Williams. Alexander, Robinson, Bailey, and Doakes were acquitted. Davis, Wade, Gallier, Reed, Hill, Walter Johnson, and Starks were found guilty of "all charges and specifications." Patterson, Ogletree, Cradic, Mack, and James E. Johnson were found not guilty of charge I and its specifications, but guilty of charges II and III and their respective specifications. Edward R. Williams, Jr., Frelot, Saffo, Engram, Flagg, Kirksey, Horton, Arbuckle, Avery, Kendall, Wise, Roach, Smith, Terrell, Grigg, and Magee were found not guilty of charges I and II and their respective specifications, but guilty of charge III and its respective specifications.
On appeal in February 1944, some of the men's sentences were reduced.
| Name | Initial penalty imposed |
|---|---|
| Pvt. Fred A. Davis, 19046017 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 15 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| S/Sgt. Philip Wade, 34052926 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 12 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| Pvt. Leroy Gallier, 34154618 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 13 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| Sgt. Carrol T. Reed, 34145789 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 13 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| Cpl. Edward R. Williams, Jr., 34136468 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Cpl. Hillrie Saffo, 34063445 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pfc. Harold F. Frelot, 34154584 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| 1st Sgt. George W. Patterson, 13010389 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 9 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| Pvt. James D. Hill, 34064160 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 15 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| Pvt. William L. Ogletree, 34064159 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 6 years and 6 months, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| T/5 Max I. Cradic, 39232918 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 6 years and 6 months, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pfc. Leve Engram, 34064059 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. Beufford Flagg, 39232993 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. Jesse F. Kirksey, 34056345 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. James H. Horton, 34062018 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. Matthew Arbuckle, 34181309 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. William H. Avery, Jr., 14072962 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 2 years, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Cpl. Hillrie Saffo, 34063445 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. Sidney G. Kendall, 34064789 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 3 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| Pvt. Kermit R. Mack, 14068043 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 6 years and 6 months, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| Pvt. James H. Wise, 6696370 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. Walter Johnson, 32406503 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 14 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
| T/5 Purcelle T. Johnson, 11096029 | Not guilty |
| T/5 Randolph R. Triplett, 32162207 | Not guilty |
| T/5 James A. Williams, 37209332 | Not guilty |
| Pfc. Curtis Alexander, 32314203 | Not guilty |
| Pfc. Pemberton J. Roach, Jr., 11089967 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pfc. Robert Smith, 34245563 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pfc. Bernard Terrell, 32161543 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. Lee Grigg, Jr., 12027912 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 1 year, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| Pvt. James E. Johnson, 33066560 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 8 years, 2912th Disciplinary Training Center, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England |
| S/Sgt. Homer E. Robinson, 34145841 | Not guilty |
| T/4 Edward Bailey, 14014726 | Not guilty |
| Cpl. Julius Magee, 14014606 | Disapproved |
| Pvt. Lloyd K. Doakes, 30822281 | Not guilty |
| Pvt. William O. Starks, 35207247 | Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor, 15 years, Eastern Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Greenhaven, NY |
On appeal, the convicted men's sentences were reduced as such:
| Name | Sentence on appeal |
|---|---|
| Davis, Hill | 10 years |
| Reed | 9 years |
| Starks | 8 years |
| Wade, Gallier | 7 years |
| Patterson, Ogletree | 3 years |
| Mack, Avery, Cradic, James E. Johnson, Edward R. Williams, Frelot, Saffo, Engram, Kendall, Grigg, Flagg, Kirksey, Horton, Arbuckle, Wise, Roach, Smith, Terrell | 1 year |