Does the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 qualify as a Pogrom?

by fromkentucky

Since this and other incidents of racial violence (eg- Red Summer of 1919, ethnic cleansing of Mexican ranchers by the Texas Rangers, et al) went largely unmentioned throughout my entire education, I’ve been wondering more and more about the broader implications of such a label.

groeuf

The standard definition of pogrom, you'll usually see it used to refer to anti-Jewish riots (In Imperial Russia, during World War II...) But the term is useful because Jews have existed as a religious minority throughout Europe for centuries.

During the Black Death (ca. 1350), Jewish communities fared better than most. They were isolated in ghettos, often had their own drinking water, and had laws about washing your hands, bathing, etc. As the plague tore through Europe and tensions ran high, the pre-existing Jewish discrimination grew into persecution. They were accused of poisoning the wells, & hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed in a few short years.

Again, there are plenty of terms for race riots and massacres. For most of its history, the American colonies & United States have maintained a strict racial hierarchy. As forced labor became racialized, slave codes and the one-drop rule were signed into law. Slaves were legally one's property, bought and sold like livestock. Runaways and slow workers were whipped into complacency. The blood would stream down their backs & the torn flesh would harden into scars. Slave rebellions were crushed, and the offenders would be hanged.

As the late tobacco age gave way to the cotton boom, plantation interests dominated the government and preserved their 'peculiar institution' through the careful balance of power, alternating between conflict and compromise with the Northern business class. After the Civil War, the power of the plantation class was destroyed. But as Reconstruction ends, the Nadir of American Race Relations begins. The racial hierarchy was maintained through Jim Crow laws, segregation, voter suppression, intimidation...& violent massacres and race riots such as the one in Tulsa.

But the word pogrom is only useful here as a comparison. It might emphasize how mob violence destroyed black communities, and in the case of Black Wall Street, one that was exceptionally well-off. It gives you some mental imagery to work with, chasing out this minority group, destroying their homes...

But racial inequality was maintained through all kinds of suppression. It's important that we don't pick out the most extreme ones, the horrible Klan violence, the bombing of Black Wall Street... Because there was an entire system of legal suppression. It's that system of inequality that kept black people segregated, that kept most of them away from opportunity, without generational wealth or even upward mobility, reaching into the 1960s. Much of that system of inequality is still with us today, and it's all legal and peaceable.

I think a full picture is important, and I don't think the word pogrom serves the right purpose, not with the context it already has. Of course, there's still a lot of emphasis to be placed on the violent suppression that's used to maintain that system. But if you're looking for a bold word to describe it, I would call it terrorism. For hundreds of years, violence has been employed with the specific purpose of scaring black people into submission. Tulsa was a violent race riot, and it was a massacre, but it's also intimidation. It creates a climate of tension and fear. After the 1811 Louisiana Slave Rebellion, heads were displayed on pikes. And even after the slaves were free, authorities would look the other way as lynching became commonplace and the Klan burned crosses. But that whole system of inequality is what that violence serves to maintain.