'Classic cannon' is quite an appropriate term, being used in one form or another by historians such as Robert Smith and Tonio Andrade; Bert S. Hall referred to a 'modern ordnance synthesis'. In the late 15th-early 16th century, firearm design [both handguns and artillery] in Europe matured, attaining a general form it would hold for centuries to come, despite constant incremental improvements. Certainly, to someone not already a specialist, it would be very hard to tell apart cannons from the 16th and mid 19th centuries.

What these guns had in common was a series of basic ratios in their design and use, the most important being the ratio of shot size to barrel length and the ratio of shot weight to powder. For most guns of the late 17th-early 19th centuries, these ratios would be roughly 1:20 and 1:2, respectively; this gave their projectiles relatively similar performance in terms of speed. N.B. though that heavier projectiles retain momentum better, and thus have somewhat longer range. Nevertheless, at the muzzle, 500 m/s was the expected velocity for most calibers. Force would naturally vary with the size of shot. The standard field guns varied from 3 to 12 pounds in terms of shot weight, so the energy of a ball at the muzzle would according vary from roughly 175,000 joules to 700,000 joules. Heavier guns, used in sieges and on warships, would be 24 or 32 pounders, would put out 1.4 and 1.8 million joules, respectively.

Range, though, is tricky; a projectile may fly a given distance, but trying to hit something while people are shooting back at you is a whole other ballgame. As such, experienced soldiers in the 19th century disagreed over the effective range of contemporary artillery. In theory, a 24 pound cannonball could fly three miles at maximum. Kutuzov, who led the Russians during the later part of Napoleon's invasion of Russia, thought cannon fire past 700 meters or so a waste of ammunition, while Clausewitz considered field guns useful enough at ~800-1600 meters [1000-2000 paces] that they could do good service against an enemy negotiating an obstacle, softening them up for an attack on all sides. In naval combat, distances were often even less, to the point that the British developed a whole new gun design, the stubby carronade, which threw large shots at low velocities for close range anti ship fire.

For future reference, this question would be an excellent candidate for the Short Answers to Simple Questions thread, which is usually stickied on the front page.