I can speak to Cherokee use of enslaved labor. First, two great sources are Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 1540-1866, Theda Perdue (1979) and Ties that bind : the story of an Afro-Cherokee family in slavery and freedom, Tiya Miles (2005).

When looking at the relation between the Cherokee Nation and racially based slavery, timing is everything. First experiencing enslaved Africans when Spaniards came through the south in the mid-16th century, it would take a cultural shift to engage in the practice in the same way their newfound neighbors did. That change happened shortly after America gained her independence, as using rival tribes against one another to reduce risk of attack of white settlements became less influential. This trend had started after the French and Indian War had ended, and continued to grow. Washington even appointed a man, Benjamin Hawkins, to handle "Indian Affairs" in the young country.

Before we get there, enslaved folks had been running away to native controlled lands for some time before then. Often slavery in indigenous circles looked a lot different than on plantations further east - blacks would work alongside natives in the cultivation of fields. Their previous culture and language was respected far more than in white society as well. All of this slowly changed in the Cherokee Nation, and Hawkins is a big part of why.

Appointed to determine the issue of how to deal with natives in America, Washington and Hawkins devised a Plan of Civilization - it included encouraging the pursuit of farming, cattle raising, and husbandry found throughout plantations in the south already. As the Cherokee embraced the Anglo culture, race became a defining issue. A half century earlier, natives were "negroes" and records make little distinction in day to day life between the groups. By the turn of the century, however, things were different. One local chief describes the Spanish as inferior "mulattos" while writting to the governor of Tennessee, indicating racial identity and definitions had shifted within their community by that point. It's around here that Miles' book and the story of Shoe Boots, a native warrior that takes an enslaved African named Doll as his property and, essentially, also his wife, begins.

As the years passed, the Cherokee continued to integrate into the Anglo traditions in American society. Schools, churches, and a staple of the American south - plantations - were built. A young man began to develop a written form of their language. With that, the cultural and trade-based good production utility of those enslaved also transformed into the monetized value of labor so prevalent elsewhere in America at that time. Soon it became time to decide once and for all if the tribes would, as Washington and Hawkins (who himself chose to live in a native town with about 90 enslaved blacks) had planned, become absorbed into this European based culture, or if they would instead resist. Tecumseh had faced off with future president William Henry Harrison. Further south and a couple years later, the Creek War would become a turning point on that debate, with the "Red Sticks" going to war to preserve their lands (among other reasons). Returning Tennessee militiamen, sent with Jackson to Alabama and the Gulf Coast to fight the Creek, returned home under the old colonial impression of the native hunters that "the only good Indian is no Indian," and so they burned Cherokee farms, took or slaughtered their cattle, and even stole those enslaved from their integrated native neighbors' plantations. The Cherokee pretty much let it slide; they were, after all, trying to merge into the "dominant" culture of the new settlers. A new capital city was founded near Calhoun, GA. A chartered government was established with seperate powers. The [Cheif Vann House] (https://gastateparks.org/ChiefVannHouse) had been completed as a shining example of Cherokee living the European life - including using enslaved blacks to build it and farm its fields. Slavery in the Cherokee Nation had largely replicated that found on white plantations of the time. A newspaper was created and published from that new capital, New Echota, using the now completed syllabary of Sequoyah. The integration would not last. As western expansion continued to clash with native tribes, Georgia all but destroyed any idea that the two could co-exist. They began to apply travel restrictions in an attempt to prevent white/native interactions, prompting a lawsuit which the supreme court would decide; the Georgia law was wrong and must go. President Jackson shot commentary back at the court with the now infamous (and alleged) response;

John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.

The integration would not occur, despite the best efforts of many Cherokee to emulate the white newcomers. Intermarriage had occured, as was the plan, but that would not be enough, either, and soon the Cherokee were removed.

That wouldn't end Cherokee use of forced labor, however, as the practice moved with them. In 1842 an uprising occurred when a group of enslaved blacks ranaway, joined with another group fleeing the Creek Nation, and headed for Mexico. The Cherokee called up their militia to pursue them. The escape didn't work and several were ultimately hung as a result of events in the attempt. All free blacks were banned from Cherokee territory to prevent them inspiring more uprisings. Many of those escaping from the Cherokee had been the property of Joseph Vann, the son of James Vann - who had built Cheif Vann House back in Georgia. Slavery would continue in Cherokee held lands until shortly after the emancipation proclamation was issued (the Cherokee issued their own version), and formally ended in 1866.

Tiya Miles also has a book, Diamond Hill, that deals specifically with the Chief Vann House and its history, which also touches on enslavement in Cherokee society around 1800-1820.